12. You have isolated two different mutations in squash plants. The first mutation causes fruit to be white instead of green. The second mutation causes fruit to be yellow instead of green. The two mutations affect different genes, w(hite) and g(reen) respectively. The allele symbols for w are w+ (wildtype) and w (mutant). The allele symbols for g are g+ (wildtype) and g (mutant). When you conduct a dihybrid cross (w+/w;g+/g x w+/w;g+/g) you obtain the following phenotypic ratio: White fruit (12) : Yellow fruit (3) : Green fruit (1)

a) Which allele(s) are dominant? (2 points) __ w+ _√_ w __ g+ __ g

b) Which gene is epistatic? (2 points) _√_ w(hite) __ g(reen) __ neither white nor green

(the check marks are my answers, wanted to confirm that my answers were correct, if not, why)

A corn breeder has a plant that is dominant for 4 traits that are known to assort independently (i.e. it’s phenotype is A_ B_ C_ D_). This plant has desirable properties, so the breeder wishes to determine its exact genotype. The breeder performs a test cross and obtains the following results in the F1 generation.

The Global Ocean Conveyor Belt

A. Is an oceanic circulation pattern that moves vast quantities of heat around the great oceans of the earth

B. is driven by sinking of cold freshwater from melting ice

C. is driven by cold salty water produced as ice is formed in the Antarctic

D. both 'a' and 'c'

Come up with an analogy comparing cytogenetic mapping, to genetic mapping, to DNA sequence mapping. Be able to describe it. Don't use a country map as an analogy.

1-Describe the Secondary Anaerobic Digestor process in wastewater treatment plant.

2-Describe the Nitrification Tower process in wastewater treatment plant.

Explain the concept of immunological memory using examples.

Give one example of artificial or human influenced selection this is how we see our relation with our domesticated species. and briefly explain why is it so much easier to show the results of this kind of selection as opposed to selection in the wild with no human intervention

The average length of 1 cM in humans is 1,000,000 base pairs. However, in some regions of the human genome, 1 cM is closer to 100,000 base pairs. What types of sequences can you infer that are in these particular regions? What evidence supports your answer?

1. A hypothetical neuron has an internal concentration of 15mM Na+ and 140mM K+. The extracellular concentration of Na+ is 150mM, while K+ is 15mM.

a) Using the Nerst equation, calculate the equilibrium potentials for both Na+ and K+. Be sure to show your work.

b) The numbers you generated above do not directly reflect the natural resting membrane(Vm) of the neuron, but indicate the equlibrium potential (Ex) for each ion. The actual resting membrane potential of the neuron is around -65 to -70 mV. Describe the passive membrane properties that establish the resting membrane potential, and include your explanation a description as to why the resting membrane potential is not closer to k+ equilibrium( 90mV).

c) at death, neural membranes reach ionic equilibrium as active processes that maintain ionic gradients cease to funciton. describe the structure and function of the major membrane you generated in 1A, what would be the final new resting membrane potential of our hypothetical neuron after death? What would be the physiological consequences of this new membrane potential?

QUESTION 73

Gluconeogeneis is _________________.

QUESTION 72

Electrons extracted from fatty acids in the peroxisomes are transferred to __________________.

QUESTION 65

What type of enzyme is required to catabolize an unsaturated fatty acid but not a saturated fatty acid?

multi answer may apply

please answer all the question

74. Under actual cellular conditions, how many strongly exergonic reactions take place in glycolysis?

71. For every starting molecule of glucose, how many NTPs are made directly in the Citric Acid Cycle (not including any ATP made in the ETC)?

69. What percentage of carbon atoms in cholesterol are derived from acetyl-coA?

68. How many fatty acid chains are attached to a membrane phospholipid?

38. The hormone that stimulates the synthesis of glycogen and inhibits its breakdownis __________________.

please answer all the question

Long-term persistent use of addictive drugs can lead to changes in gene expression, which largely occur due to epigenetic changes. In 2-3 sentences, describe what tolerance is with respect to addictive behaviors. In your description, give an example of how genetic or biological changes can contribute to tolerance.

Compare and contrast the processes of gastrulation (early, mid, late stages) in Xenopus Laevis (frog) and Danio Rerio (zebrafish)? All 3 stages?

What is inverse PCR? Describe it?