NOVA BECOMING HUMAN

1) In trying to understand how rapid the climatic changes were for Homohabilis, how do scientists estimate the rates of change?

2) What was the African climate during the time when our ancestors’ brain size was “flat-lining” (from Sahelanthrous to Lucy).

3) When hominid brain size begins to increase (beginning with Homo habilis), what was happening to the African climate?

The coenzyme NADP+ is the terminal electron acceptor in chloroplasts, according the reaction

2 H2O + 2 NADP+ → 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + O2

NADP+ + H+ + 2 e- → NADPH E˚'= -0.315 V

O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e- → 2 H2O E˚'= 0.816 V

Given the information above, calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction at 25˚C and pH 7.0.

How can the chloroplast overcome this unfavorable equilibrium?

In an experiment, E.coli cells have been genetically modified through site directed mutagenesis. This is a process through which specific locations in an organism’s genome can be altered in order to study the function of such locations, or proteins coded for by genes found in a location. There are many techniques available for site directed mutagenesis. (You have access to PCR ingredients, any primer you wish, laboratory equipment, Lambda phage, and the ability to alter Lambda genome, a commercially available plasmid, such as Puc19, E.coli K-12, plates, media, etc..)

4. Using the tools given above, come up with a way to achieve insertion of your DNA into the genome (step by step process, no short cuts. Remember I don’t know what your experiment is, you do.)(4 points)

Does AUG occur only at the start of a protein?  How can a ribosome “know” which AUGs represent start codons? What is the actual link between the amino acid and the mRNA molecule? (IOW=What are the “translating” tools that translate RNA language into amino acid(protein) language?hint#2=there are 64 of them)

How can we explain the QF-PCR prenatal diagnostic technique procedure in detail with amniocentesis?

SUBMIT AN ALGORITHYM/FLOWCHART FOR Staphylococcus saprophyticus ORGANISMS. INCLUDE GROSS MORPHOLOGY ON PRIMARY AND SIGNIFICANT MEDIA; GRAM STAIN MORPHOLOGY (AND ARRANGEMENT WHEN SIGNIFICANT), BENCHSIDE TESTING, AND BIOCHEMICAL TESTING USED FOR IDENTIFICATION TO THE GENUS/SPECIES LEVEL.  USE THE IDENTIFICATION CHARTS FROM GRAM POSITIVE POWERPOINTS AND THE GRAM NEGATIVE CHARTS I POSTED IN THE LAB HANDOUT FOLDER AS A GUIDE.  BE CREATIVE. FOR THE GRAM NEGATIVES YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO GIVE BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPECIES.  I REALIZE YOU WILL NOT HAVE API'S AVAILABLE TO SUBMIT BUT THERE SHOULD BE ENOUGH INFO TO LEAD TO A PROPER IDENTIFICATION. GIVE ME AS MUCH AS YOU CAN - GET CREATIVE - RESEARCH

what is ABi SOLiD sequencing? How does it work?

what is ion torrent sequencing? How does it work?

What is Illumina Sequencing? How does it work?

Typically DamID results are normalized by using a ratio of the signal produced by the Dam methylase fused to the target protein (in this case lamin B1) divided by the signal produced by free Dam methylase. The results from lamin B1 DamID suggested that the genome could be divided into two main types of domains:  Lamin Associated Domains (LADs) and the regions between these LADs (inter-LADs).  In theory you would think that the same division could also be seen by ChIP-Seq using an antibody for example against lamin B1 for the ChIP.

How does ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) work?

Genomic methods and thinking about what their results might mean. One of the first genomic methods to study nuclear organization genome-wide was DamID, which was first carried out using lamin B1 DamID.

i.  Explain how the DamID method works

what are the similarties and difference between bacterial growth and apical growth of microorganisms?

In an experiment, E.coli cells have been genetically modified through site directed mutagenesis. This is a process through which specific locations in an organism’s genome can be altered in order to study the function of such locations, or proteins coded for by genes found in a location. There are many techniques available for site directed mutagenesis. (You have access to PCR ingredients, any primer you wish, laboratory equipment, Lambda phage, and the ability to alter Lambda genome, a commercially available plasmid, such as Puc19, E.coli K-12, plates, media, etc..)

2. A problem with ORI studies is that placing bacterial ORI on plasmids is usually lethal since plasmids occur in high copy number inside a cell. Why would this be? (3 points)

So, let’s say you need another way to get your altered ORI in side a cell, such that following entry the DNA will integrate itself into the host genome so that it can be maintained in the cell.

In an experiment, E.coli cells have been genetically modified through site directed mutagenesis. This is a process through which specific locations in an organism’s genome can be altered in order to study the function of such locations, or proteins coded for by genes found in a location. There are many techniques available for site directed mutagenesis. (You have access to PCR ingredients, any primer you wish, laboratory equipment, Lambda phage, and the ability to alter Lambda genome, a commercially available plasmid, such as Puc19, E.coli K-12, plates, media, etc..)

1. Design an experiment where you can synthesize an altered origin of replication of your target cell in-vitro.(4 points)

You can use graphs or diagrams as part of answer, to illustrate your argument or particular concept.

Imagine a case of reverse evolution – an animal evolved water-breathing from an air-breathing ancestor. Design the gas transport cascade for such an imaginary vertebrate taxon, which breathes water, can support O2 consumption rate of at least 50 mlO2/kg/min. You do NOT need to concern yourself with HOW this beastly transformation occurred, but you DO need to make sure that EACH STEP of the O2 transport cascade works quantitatively. Show your calculations for each step of the cascade. Your numbers must be feasible and “add up”.

If this animal encountered an air-breathing diving animal of the same size, metabolic strategy and aerobic capacity, how would their O2 transport cascades differ qualitatively?