Draw the set of blood vessels that a red blood cell could use to get from the thorax to the palm of the hand. Now draw the veins that the same cell could use to return to the thorax. Which of the two drawing (arteries or veins) has more potential paths for the red blood cell to take? Why is this the case?

What are the differences in proteins, primers, and experimental procedures for the following PCR based experiments?

a. SYBR Green qRT-PCR

b. RAPD

c. Immuno qRT-PCR

d. PCR-OLA

e. Taqman Assay

A successful cloning project of Dimetrodon has just been completed that resulted in several live and reproducing specimens of dimetrodons. Since Dimetrodons are early "stem-mammal members", a non-mammal that gave rise to the mammalian lineage, no one knows how it goes through development, similar to fish, amphibians, chickens, reptiles, mammals, or a new unique process altogether. You have been designed to lead the project to determine how gastrulation occurs in dimetrodons. You have decided to approach the problem by locating the equivalent of the Spemann organizer. Please design two different experiments that you will implement to determine where the organizer is located. For each experiment please include anticipated results, what the results would indicate, and possible difficulties that may occur during this experiment. (Money and Specimens are not a problem)

the statement is true or false and then explain why.

In a comparison between the DNAs os related organisms such as humans and mice, identifying the conserved DNA sequences facilitates the search for functionally important regions.

Use these terms correctly to describe the process of digesting lactose from milk in lactose tolerant individuals: lactose, lactase, digestion, protein synthesis, transcription, translation, polypeptide chain, protein, disaccharide, monosaccharide, milk, mitochondria.

Describe how the HeLa cell line was formed (biologically) and why it is significant in the history of biomedical research.

ENZYMES DATA ANALYSIS WORKSHEET

Results:

 Table 5.1 - Catalase Activity

 Table 5.2 - Effect of Temperature

 Table 5.3 - Effect of Enzyme Concentration & Time

 Table 5.4 - Effect of pH

EFFECT OF pH:

1. Bubble height indicates the degree of enzyme activity. Based on the results of your experiment, which tube

had the highest bubble column height? What can you conclude about this pH?

2. Explain the results of the other two tubes. What is your conclusion concerning the effect of pH on enzyme

activity?

EFFECT OF ENZYME CONCENTRATION & TIME:

1. What is your conclusion concerning the effects of enzyme concentration and time on enzyme activity?

2. If unlimited time was allotted, would the results be the same in all tubes? Explain your answer.

ERRORS:

1. List two types of errors that could have occurred during this lab. Explain how they could have affected the

outcome of your experiments.

2. Were you surprised by any of the results you obtained in this lab? If so, what did you see and why do you

think it happened?

In Drosophila, vestigial (partially formed) wings (vg) are recessive to normal long wings (vg+), and the gene for this trait is located on an autosome. The gene for the white-eye trait is on the X chromosome. Suppose a homozygous white-eyed, long-winged female fly is crossed with a homozygous red-eyed, vestigial winged male.

. What are the expected genotypes, phenotypes and their ratios in the F1 flies?

P1 white, long females: ______________ X P2 red, vestigial males: ___________________

F1 genotypes: _______________________________________________________________

F1 phenotypes: _______________________________________________________________

2. What are the expected genotypes, phenotypes and their ratios in the F2 flies?

F1 females: _____________________ X F1 males: __________________________

3. What are the expected genotypes and phenotypes, and the ratios of each of the progeny resulting from a cross between F1 flies back to each parent?

F1 female: _____________________ X P2 red, vestigial male: __________________________

F1 male: _____________________ X P1 white, long female: __________________________

1. The following gRNA has been designed: ATGAACGAAATAGA

If we were to use this gRNA sequence in a genome editing project, which of the following genomes will be edited with off-target effects, explain why and how many off-target effects would be observed? (2pts)

Budding yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae: 12x10^6 bp

Zebrafish - Danio rerio: 1.61x1^9 bp

Round worm - Caenorhabditis elegans: 9700x10^4 bp

Arabidopsis - Arabidopsis thaliana: 157,000,000 bp

what would you do if you were working a case and a 36-hour post-coital sexual assault sample showed positive fluorescence, had a positive presumptive test but you could not identify sperm under the microscope and the confirmatory RSID test was also negative?  What are the possible reasons for this result?  What would you do in this case if you had other test available to you?  If you would opt for additional testing, which tests would you choose and why?

How would you resolve two DNA fragments of similar size as two separate bands on an agarose gel?

The law of the conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created or destroyed within a closed system, but we also know that any transfer of energy is not 100% efficient and some energy “escapes”. Write briefly about the transfer of energy within our cells …. how do we obtain, store, and use energy? Be sure to give specific examples of the way we convert chemical energy to mechanical and transport/potential energy within the cell. Also address how the “loss” of energy is observable within the cell.