1. Describe how the causes of sickness and disease were explained in ancient times, prior to the invention of the microscope.

2. Give two examples of foods that have historically been produced by humans with the aid of microbes.

3. What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

4. Name two types of protists and two types of fungi.

5. How do viruses differ from other organisms?

1. In the 1970s Dr. J Robin Warren used a technique not widely used by pathologists at the time, which allowed him to make novel observations that ultimately resulted in a new treatment for ulcers. What was this technique?

Select one:

a. The use of a fistula to see inside the stomach

b. The use of a high-power microscope

c. The use of a stain for visualizing bacteria

2. Darwin's observations in the Pampas grasslands of Argentina led him to the conclusion that

Select one:

a. species change through time.

b. species change with geographical distance.

c. the Earth must be much older than was widely believed at the time.

d. climate alone cannot account for the distribution of species.

e. similar species tend to be geographically clustered.

3. Which of the following historical figures argued that species were not fixed, i.e. able to change over time into new species?

Select one:

a. Cuvier

b. Aristotle

c. Hutton

d. Lamarck

e. Linnaeus

Monarch butterflies belong to the genus Danaus, the order Lepidoptera, the class Insecta and the family Nymphalidae. All members of the family Nymphalidae have brush-like hairs on their lower legs. The same brush-like hairs will be found on the lower legs of any other member of

Select one:

a. the genus Danaus

b. the class Insecta

c. All of these

d. the order Lepidoptera

The scientific name of the dove tree is Davidia involucrata Baillon. The word "Baillon" in this name is

Select one:

a. the subspecific epithet

b. the genus

c. the authority

d. the specific epithet

4. In the near future, it will soon be possible for people to increase their muscle mass by introducing extra copies of the gene for insulin-like growth factor into their muscle cells.

a. What therapeutic applications can you see for such procedures? [2 marks]

b. It is possible that some people might use this procedure for cosmetic purposes—to gain muscle mass without exercise. Do you think that this would be acceptable, bearing in mind that humans already use cosmetics to change their appearance? [2 marks]

DNA transposons and retrotransposons are similar:

COVID-19 belongs to the genera Beta-coronavirus. Compare and contrast the genomic and phenotypic structure between COVID-19 and one other member of the Beta-coronavirus genera, along with their associated pathogenesis?

Ann O'Rexia suffers from anorexia nervosa. In addition to a low body weight, decreased muscle mass, glycogen, and fat stores, she has iron deficiency anemia. She constantly feels weak and tired. When she walks, she feels pain in her calf muscles. On this visit to her nutritionist, they discuss the vitamin content of her diet and its role in energy metabolism.  She is deficient in thiamine, riboflavin, biotin and niacin (the vitamin precursor of NAD+). In the context of the metabolic pathways discussed in Chapter 14, specifically how would these affect carbohydrate metabolism.

Compare and contrast the three types of coronaviruses: "SARS-Cov, MERS-Cov and Covid-2019" in regards to their replication cycle, transmission, R0

Explain why no organelles, such as a nucleus, are seen in the Anabaena. (Please type it out)

1. One of the symptoms of COVID-19 is a loss of smell or taste.
Identify the type and location of receptors that are likely to be affected by the virus to cause a loss in smell/taste. Explain why people have trouble tasting foods when they are congested due to a cold or allergies.

2. How/why can smells evoke memories so strongly? Identify 1-2 smells that are your most and least favorite and explain why.

1. . Use practical examples to distinguish between a cross-sectional survey and a

longitudinal survey.

1)

IND’s are typically needed for the following: (more than one answer)

Group of answer choices

Human testing of a Monograph drug active in a new formulation using dose levels/concentrations approved in the Monograph.

Human testing of a Monograph drug active at a higher dose than that approved in the Monograph.

Human testing a Monograph drug active using a route of administration other than that approved in the Monograph

Human testing of a new chemical entity

2)

To grant a patent, the technology must be non-obvious and have utility. (True or False)

Group of answer choices

True

False

3)

Rectally administered suppositories can be used to avoid hepatic first-pass metabolism of systemically absorbed drug actives and this is their primary use in OTC drug products. (True or False)

Group of answer choices

True

False

4)

Which section(s) of the GI tract do NOT have villi present to increase absorptive surface area? (More than one answer)

Group of answer choices

Ileum

Descending colon

Esophagus

Jejunum

Cecum

5)

Under the FD&C Act, which of these shows that a lipstick is adulterated? (More than one answer)

Group of answer choices

Contains poisonous substances which might be injurious to user under the condition of use prescribed in the label

Contains a label that with listing of all ingredients

Contains a stand of stray hair inside the lipstick bullet

Contains small beads of liquid knowns as “sweating” around the lipstick bullet

Do morphogens support a preformation or epigenetic view of development? Provide an example to support your answer.

Why does a particular codon represent only one specific amino acid?