Outline how a concentrated urine (what enters the renal pelvis) is formed as the filtrate flows through the Loop of Henle and then the Collecting Duct.

Given the equation for glomerular filtration {GFR = Kf [(Pg – Pb) – (Πg - Πb)]} explain how each factor in the equation impacts glomerular filtration

1 a. Describe the flow of blood to the kidney, to a nephron, and back to the Vena Cava.

b. Describe the flow of filtrate and the processes it undergoes between the nephron and the urinary bladder.

explain in detail how the endocrine system is reacting during these given situations to bring the body back to homeostasis or may be causing adverse physiological effects.

Jane was riding her horse on a warm sunny day (101 degrees Fahrenheit) when suddenly her horse stopped and reared up in the air. Jane was not prepared for this and fell hard backwards into the ground. As she hit the ground Jane's leg was gashed open by a large, sharp boulder that she fell next to. Jane began to bleed severely. Jane's pulse seems to be low and her respiratory rate is at 22 bpm.

2. What would you expect to happen to plasma osmolarity after consuming each of these drinks? Explain why you expect an increase, decrease or no change in osmolarity.

1. Group 1 (water)

2. Group 2 (Gatorade / isotonic sports drink)

3. Group 3 (salty broth)

3. What would you expect to happen to the volume of urine produced after consuming hypo- or hypertonic drinks? Explain why you expect an increase, decrease or no change in urine volume.

1. Group 1 (water)

2. Group 2 (Gatorade / isotonic sports drink)

3. Group 3 (salty broth)

How would the volume measurements (tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity) change when one's at rest compared to when one's exercising?

Spot, a 19 year old family pet, just left spittle, meow mix and a big fur ball. Explain the physiological basis for Fluffy’s action.

What morphometric factors would/could affect vital capacity?

If vital capacity was reduced, but tidal volume remained the same for an individual, how would it affect them? Would they notice at rest? If not, why not, and when might they notice the VC reduction?

Can I get some help with these questions?

The sympathetic nervous system uses epinephrine, or adrenaline, as a neurotransmitter and a hormone to exert its effects. These effects are often described as "fight or flight".

Answer the following prompt: Epi-pens, which contain epinephrine, are used in people who are having severe allergic reactions. Specifically, these are used to improve breathing problems. Why do you think epinephrine helps in this case? What are two other effects an epi-pen may have as a side effect?  Would injecting the epi-pen be more similar to our body using epinephrine as a hormone or a neurotransmitter?Why?

12. Describe the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Include pre and postganglionic fibers with respect to target organs.

What is the role of adrenal glands and functions of: - catecholamines – epinephrine, norepinephrine - corticosteroids – cortisol, aldosterone?

Differentiate between filtration, reabsorption and secretion. Include location for each term and a brief function for each term.

Topic: The Structure of Joints

I need to know more about the Structure of the Joints, like the big and little thing if it could be 250 words that would be even better.