1. Explain in your own words why regulation is important. I would like you to use 2 examples, one from human communities and one from the human body in your explanation. Make sure to include how regulation is enabled in each case (i.e. how is communication occurring?).

I will give you an example, so that you know what I am looking for. When you drive a car and approach an intersection, you will receive a signal (communication) that tells you if it is okay to proceed or you must stop. At a lighted intersection, we all know that green means go and red means stop. If you ignore the signal or if there is no signal, cars would be crashing into each other and people could be injured or die. If there was no regulation of intersections throughout a city, chaos would ensue. Here is an interesting thing to consider in this situation: if you were unable to tell red from green (red/green colorblindness) and the red and green lights were randomly placed in the vertical sequence on the semaphore, imagine how confusing the incoming information could be!

For your example of regulation in the human body, describe what would happen if the receiving cell couldn't appropriately receive a signal or the sending cell couldn't appropriately send a signal. These problems lead to disease/homeostatic imbalance.

2. In order for an effector to respond to a command via either of the endocrine or nervous system, it must be able to respond to a chemical (hormone or neurotransmitter). Explain how the effector is able to respond to these chemical signals (i.e. what must it have either in its membrane or inside its cells). Describe how this process of intercellular communication exemplifies the relationship between structure and function.

regardless if weather it is neutral or hormonal pathway the target cell must have the appropriate

Describe the several different factors controlling the rate and velocity of blood flow through vessels. Also, explain how the heart and blood vessels assure one-way blood flow through the heart, lungs, and body.

1.) Predicting residual volume, rather than measuring it, likely increases the error in determining body density using hydrostatic weighing.

True or False

2.) An individual's loss of weight in water is directly proportional to the volume and weight of the water displaced by the body.

True or False

3.) Individuals with a higher body density will have more body fat.

True or False

4.) Hydrostatic weighing is considered the "gold standard" method of determining body composition because, when performed correctly, there is little to no error in the measurement of body fat.

True or False

1. Why is it likely that thioester and FeS compounds preceded phosphate compounds as an energy currency?

2. How did Paul Ehrlich’s work with the early aniline dyes lead him to believe that there could be “magic bullet” drugs?

3. What can the pharmaceutical industry and the health care industry do to reduce the emergence of more antibiotic resistance?

question 2

An atom with a partial negative charge is called a(n) ___

Group of answer choices

ion

electronegative atom

cation

electropositive atom

anion

Question 3

A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is associated with

Group of answer choices

a release of energy

the consumption of energy

a synthesis

forming a larger molecule

both 1 and 3 are correct

all of the above are correct

Question 4

A ___ reaction involves bond formation

Group of answer choices

synthesis

catabolic

decomposition

anabolic

answers 1 and 4 are correct

answers 2 and 3 are correct

Question 5

True or false. Covalent bonds are more common than ionic bonds

Group of answer choices

True

False

Question 6

Select the statement that is most correct regarding chemical bonds

Group of answer choices

Covalent bonding involves the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another

Polar ionic are stronger than non-polar ionic bonds

Hydrogen bonds are very weak and often involve water

Ionic bonds involve sharing of electrons between two atoms

Question 7

Typically, nitrogen atoms are composed of seven electrons, seven protons, and seven neutrons. An isotope of nitrogen could:

Group of answer choices

be positively charged

be negatively charged

have more than seven electrons and more than seven protons

have more than seven neutrons

have more than seven each of electrons, protons, and neutrons

Question 8

A proteoglycan is:

Group of answer choices

a carbohydrate and protein compound

a lipid with carbohydrates attached

a single stranded nucleic acid

part of the cytoskeleton

Question 9

A triglyceride:

Group of answer choices

consists of fatty acids and glycerol

does not dissolve in water

plays a role in storage of energy

is a type of fat

all are correct

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Question 10

Not all proteins have a __ structure

a)Group of answer choices

b)tertiary

c)quaternary

d)secondary

e)primary

1. Describe the process of emulsification, and its importance in lipid digestion. Why do lipids require emulsification in order for proper digestion to take place? Be sure to discuss the components of bile and their role in emulsification.

2. Aside from bile, list and describe all enzymes that digest lipids throughout the GI tract.

M3 Discussion: The Respiratory System

This is something of a different type of discussion. Discuss in 1-2 short paragraphs 2 of the most informative pieces of information you learned in this chapter. You can discuss one of the homeostatic imbalances, a fundamental principle of respiratory capacities, gas exchange, etc, anything that was presented in the chapter you particuarly are interested in.

What structure prevents backflow of blood within the heart? Name all four of them.

Answer all of these following questions below with a total response that should be 300-500 words.

The following questions should be answered about the : Amygdala

1. Where is the area or structure located?
2. What are its major functions?
3. What techniques are used to view or measure it?
4. What happens when it is damaged?
5. What other structures is it near?
6. What other structures help or perform similar functions?

Read the Haas and Whited (2017) review paper on limb regeneration and answer one of the three following questions. A good answer to this question might require you to look up papers cited in this review. You can search for articles on scholar.google.com, and a great number can be downloaded on campus. If you do use another paper, please provide a citation.

   1. Describe what you feel is the critical step in the morphological development of the regenerated limb. Why is it the critical one?
   2. Choose one of the genes mentioned and explain what it does to aid in limb regeneration.
   3. Choose one of the techniques used to determine candidate genes and describe how it works and why it is useful. Choices are RNASeq, Transcriptomics, Expressed Sequence Tags/Microarray.

Answer each part in 3-5 sentences.

In your summary you should address the following questions:

What is simple diffusion?

What factors determine the amount of solute that can diffuse across a cell membrane?

How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion?

What is active transport and how does it differ from diffusion?

What are the characteristics of active transport?

What are the two types of active transport?