1. Salivary amylase is a digestive enzyme which begins the digestion of ____

   1. Proteins

   2. Starch

   3. Lipids

   4. Glucose

   5. Nucleic acids

2. The ____ exits directly from the gallbladder

   1. Right hepatic duct

   2. Left hepatic duct

   3. Cystic duct

   4. Common bile duct

   5. Common hepatic duct

3. All of the following are areas of the stomach except ____

   1. Cardia

   2. Duodenum

   3. Fundus

   4. Body

   5. pylorus

4. Mumps is an inflammation and enlargement of the ___

   1. Appendix

   2. Gallbladder

   3. Pancreas

   4. Parotid glands

   5. tonsils

Answer the following questions in complete sentences.

1. To facilitate transport, the plasma membrane of a cell is selectively permeable. Define this term.
2. What is a solution? Describe and give examples of the two major components of solutions.
3. Explain concentration and concentration gradient.
4. Define diffusion and osmosis.
5. Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis. Give at least 2 differences and 2 similarities.

Two stable cell lines generated from the RAS oncogene are cancerous, and now, with the ubiquitin thiolesterase (UCHL1) gene over-expression.

1. Propose a hypothesis to explain the differences in transient vs stable overexpression of the UCHL1 gene results.

2. Next, propose a series of experiments to test your hypothesis with controls.

What permeability changes would you expect to occur at the postsynaptic neuron to result in hyperpolarization?    

(P=permeability)

A 35 year old woman comes to her primary care provider with the chief complaint of severe insomnia. She states that it is very difficult for her to fall asleep and stay asleep. She says she has lost 18 pounds over 4 months. She now has a BMI of 19. She seems nervous and is easily irritable. She is afebrile, has a heart rate of 106 per minute, blood pressure of 146/78 and respiratory rate of 20. Her eye examination reveals mild strabismus and lid lag. There are no palpable neck masses, although her thyroid gland seems somewhat enlarged and nontender. Her hands are sweaty and have a fine tremor. Her reflexes are very brisk. She takes no medications other than her daily multivitamin. Her CBC and serum electrolytes are within normal limits. Serum TSH is 0.1 mIU/L (Normal range: 0.4 – 4.2).   

1. What is your presumptive diagnosis?
2. Which signs and symptoms lead you to your presumptive diagnosis?
3. How do you interpret the TSH results?
4. What is the differential diagnosis?
5. How would you confirm your diagnosis?

Write a 200-300 word entry describing in your own words (showing you understand the physiology) of how positive pressure therapy can affect one of the factors below:

Which of the following characteristics are part of the parasympathetic nervous system and which are part of the sympathetic nervous system? Also indicate if they are found in both systems: Long preganglionic fibers Innervates the smooth muscle of

blood vessels

Collateral ganglia

Terminal ganglia  

Imagine you are a physician. A patient comes to your clinic complaining of excessive weight gain accompanied by "weird" stretch marks on her abdomen. Upon examination you additionally note many bruises and a fat pad on the back of her neck. You suspect elevated cortisol levels are to blame. After reviewing the patients medication list you confirm that she isn't taking medications that would elevate her cortisol level. You order blood tests to determine if cortisol is the culprit and to narrow down the potential sources of the problem.

You patent's blood tests come back. You were right! Her cortisol levels are very high. But Cort isn't the only hormone that is out of balance. You also note very high levels of adrenocorticotripic hormone and very low levels of corticotropin releasing hormone.

Based on these results where is the source of the problem most likely located?

Group of answer choices

A. The anterior pituitary

B. The hypothalamus

C. The adrenal glands

D. The adipose tissue

Contractility in the ventricle can be increased through:

A. Negative ionotropic influences such as parasympathetic stimulation of Ca2+ influx

B. Positive ionotropic influences such as sympathetic stimulation of Ca2+ influx

C. Positive ionotropic influences such as Ach released from the vagus nerve

D. Negative ionotropic influences such as drugs that mimic the effects of NE

E. None of the above

16. Eugene has type O+ blood, and Matilda has type AB+ blood.

(a) Could they have a child that is Rh negative? Why or why not?

(b) List all possible blood types of their offspring.

the process that inolves the moving of one substance against its concentration gradient by using energy from a second substance moving down its concentration gradient is known as?

Neuron Anatomy and Resting Membrane

Potential Read the overview and complete the activities that follow.

"A multipolar neuron is composed of a cell body, an axon, and hundreds of dendrites. Each neuron receives numerous inputs at the receptive region, which includes both the dendrites and cell body. Neurons send signals down the axon toward the synaptic knob. Resting neurons require a membrane potential in order to send or receive electrical signals. A typical neuronal resting membrane potential is -70 mV, indicating that the inside of the plasma membrane is more negative relative to the outside. The resting membrane potential is established by the Na+/K+ pump and by the sodium and potassium leakage channels. The leakage channels allow for ions to diffuse down their electrochemical gradients, while the Na+/K+ pump moves ions against their gradients. The Na+/K+ pump establishes the K+ and Na+ gradients, which drive the diffusion of these ions through leakage channels. Although both Na+ and K+ diffusion play a role in establishing the resting membrane potential, K+ diffusion is more important."

Question 1: Normally, Na⁺ and K⁺ leakage channels differ because

A. Na⁺ leakage channels are voltage-gated, while K⁺ leakage channels are ligand-gated.

B. Na⁺ leakage channels require ATP to transport ions, while K⁺ leakage channels do not.

C. Na⁺ leakage channels always remain open, while K⁺ leakage channels must be specifically activated to open.

D. Na⁺ ions diffuse through leakage channels into the cell, while K⁺ ions diffuse through leakage channels out of the cell.

Question 2: A resting membrane potential of -70 mV indicates that the:

A. charges lining the inside of the plasma membrane are negative compared to the charges lining the outside.

B. negative ions are only present within the cytosol and are lacking in the extracellular fluid.

C. positive ions outnumber the negative ions within the cytosol.

D. negative ions will always move into a cell.

List the proteins that make the thin and thick filament and their function. Please explain in detail.

11. Repeated exposure to hot environments when combined with exercise improves exercise capacity, with less discomfort upon subsequent heat exposure. One thing that changes is that a person begins sweating sooner and they sweat more (nearly double). Sweating sooner represents what type of change?

a) decreased threshold

b) increased threshold

c) decreased set point.

d) increased set point

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12.Which statement(s) about control strategies is/are incorrect? Choose any that apply.

a) An advantage of a feedforward system is that it allows the body to anticipate a change, or prepare for something to happen.

b) A disadvantage of a feedforward system is it doesn’t allow you to respond to an unexpected change.

c) An advantage of a positive feedback system is allows for rapid changes to a regulated variable.

d) A disadvantage of a positive feedback system is that it is not homeostatic. e) A disadvantage of a negative feedback system is it requires some outside event to stop the response.

f) All of the above are correct.

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13. Which of the following compounds is a carbohydrate? Choose any that apply. a) C5H10O5 b) C6H12O6NS c) C3H6O314. 14. Water is polar; organic solvents (for ex., gasoline, ether, carbon tetrachloride and benzene) are nonpolar. A substance is found to dissolve in organic solvents but not in the water. Is this substance most likely polar or nonpolar, or both?

a) both

b) nonpolar

c) polar

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15. An 18-year-old girl presents with a lack of secondary sexual characteristics, such as age-appropriate pubic hair growth and breast development. Her history reveals she has never started menses. She is diagnosed with a deficiency. The levels of various steroid hormones in her serum are found to be abnormal. Which of the following is she most likely lacking or does she most likely have very low levels of?

a) acetyl CoA

b) cholesterol

c) fatty acids

d) glucose

e) oleic acid

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18. There is an amino acid transporter that only transports acidic amino acids, another that transports basic amino acids, and a third that transports neutral amino acids. This is an example of which protein characteristic?

a) affinity

b) saturation

c) specificity

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20. Many people die each year from ingesting antifreeze solutions. Antifreeze contains ethylene glycol, which the human body converts to oxalic acid in the presence of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. Oxalic acid exists in crystalline form and these crystals can severely damage kidneys. Ethanol is administered to victims with ethylene glycol poisoning because ethanol binds to the active site of alcohol dehydrogenase, inhibiting the formation of oxalate crystals. How would you classify ethanol in this scenario?

a) allometric inhibitor of ethylene glycol

b) allosteric inhibitor of ethylene glycol

c) cofactor of ethylene glycol

d) competitive inhibitor of ethylene glycol

e) covalent inhibitor of ethylene glycol

1)Common methods for measuring muscle action involve: Select one: a. Palpation b. Simulation c. Mechanomyogram d. Surgery

2)During an arm curl exercise, the contralateral obliques act as

Select one:

a. stabilizer

3) Chest press machines allow people to sit and move the handles with the hands. Stabilizers for a chest press machine exercise include:

Select one or more:

a. Internal and external obliques

b. Pectoralis major

c. brachialis

d. Upper trapezius

e. none of the above

f. Rhomboids

g. Middle trapezius

b. neutralizer

c. antagonist

d. agonist

e. synergist

40Surface EMG can be used to determine the following:

Select one:

a. Number of motor units and fibers

b. Length-tension relationship

c. Amount of activation

d. Twitch forces

5)What will have the least impact on EMG signal quality?

Select one:

a. Adipose thickness

b. Inter-electrode distance

c. Alignment to muscle fibers

d. Muscle fiber types