1. What are the causes of the common cold?
2. How does a virus cause a disease?

Scenario: Recently, Jon Doe suffered a serious neck injury in which his spinal cord was damaged and will not heal without stem cells. Doctors say, due to his highly unusual genetic make-up, it is almost impossible that they will ever find usable and compatible donor cells. Jon Doe’s family is looking into new methods to find something to help him. Consider what we have covered with regard to stem cells. Explain a way in which doctors could use stem cells that are a perfect match to Jon Doe's DNA (regardless of how complex his ethnic background is.) Be sure to use appropriate vocabulary in your justification of your response. Note: Human cloning is illegal and therefore cannot be used as an answer here.

Apply a rule and determine which of the following populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Show your work.

Genotypes
AA Aa. aa
Population I .430 .481 .089
Population II .64 .32 .04
Population III .25 .50 .25

a. Is population I in equilibrium

b. Is population II in equilibrium

c. Is population III in equilibrium

The “Skinny Bacteria” research company has generated a synthetic chemical called "WPT" that binds to LacR and causes a shift in its structure.

Provide a written description for what you think will happen to cellular levels of LacZ if WPT is added to the bacterial growth environment.

Describe three classes of spindle microtubules including their functions, locations, and the polarity:

o Aster microtubules

o Kinetochore microtubules

o Interpolar microtubules

MICROBIOLOGY

On example of a consortial arrangement might involve the use of complementary electron donors and acceptors to create a cyclic turnover of a compound. Draw an example of a cycle of this type, and explain where the energy and carbon inputs to the system are, as well as what role the cycled nutrient plays in each member of the consortium.

Ticks feed only on blood of vertebrates (both males and females blood-feed) and are generalist in terms of their feeding preferences (would feed equally well on mouse, lizard, bird, fox, etc.). Based on this information ticks would be best considered

1. Basal species
2. Primary consumers
3. Top-predators
4. Decomposers

White-footed mouse would be best considered

1. Basal species
2. Intermediate species
3. Top-predator
4. Decomposer

Describe the process of protein synthesis in prokaryotic cells.

Begin with a gene in the DNA and throughly explain all of the steps of transcription (initiation , elongation, termination and one type of termination.

Describe translation(initiation, elongation, termination) that result in the formation of a functional protein. Be specific as to the mechanism of each step.

Microbiology

a) For each of the following parameters, indicate a method/approach that could be used to estimate it.

- Bacterial activity in the water of a lake

- The fraction of bacteria that are metabolically active in the water of a lake

- The number of cells of a particular phylogenetic group of microorganisms, e.g. methanogens

b) Design enrichment cultures for the following types of bacteria. Recall the Winogradsky column

)Explain how mutants have and can be useful in understanding which photoreceptors are involved in a response.

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a disease caused by a mutation in collagen (type X), which causes the infected individual to have brittle bones that easily fracture. Collagen typically has a triple helical structure consisting of three intertwined polypeptide chains (as shown below) with each polypeptide chain having a glycine every third amino acid.

While Osteogenesis imperfecta can be caused by a variety of mutations, a single amino acid change is sufficient to cause certain forms of the disease. If the mutation resulted in the glycine being changed to another amino acid, which amino acid do you think would be most likely be responsible for this disease? In a sentence, explain your choice.

Write down both the tRNA and coding DNA sequence for the amino acid found in the wild-type protein. Make sure to label the 5’ and 3’ ends.

Where in the cell would collagen be produced? Briefly explain why.

COVID-19 What do you learn of it, How protect my selves, and What is most important .

Need 500 words for this question to be answered.

1. Describe the pancreas and its functions. What lines the abdominal wall?. Describe the pathway of the oral cavity and the pathway of the pharynx, be sure to also describe the pharynx 3 openings.

2. Explain the difference between the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins and what type of blood they carry throughout the body. Describe the cardiovascular pathways.

3. What two individual systems make up the urogenital system? The hormone insulin lowers blood glucose. How will insulin affect what happens to glucose once blood travels through the hepatic portal system? What female reproductive structures transport eggs to the location where embryos/fetuses develop?

Which bacterial group is most suitable for water biotreatment?

A. R-tactics

B. L-tactics

C. K-tactics

D. All of the above

Which of the following is an interaction between two microorganisms that positively affects the survival and activity of both microorganisms?

A. Mutualism

B. Amensalism

C. Commensalism

D. Competiton

Which microbial species can not dominate in an ecosystem with a high concentration of nutrients?

A. An oligotrophic sepcies

B. The species with the highest maximum growth rate

C. An acidophilic species

D. A species with the highest efficiency of biomass synthesis

Please with reason

Your neurobiology lab primarily studies gene expression of distinct brain regions to better understand mechanisms behind memory loss. Your task as a new graduate student is to create libraries of Olfactory Bulb and Hippocampus rat brain regions. Propose an experiment (simple steps, flow chart...) to accomplish this.