Monochlorobenzene (C6H5Cl) is produced commercially by the direct catalytic chlorination of benzene (C6H6). In the process, dichlorobenzene(C6H4Cl2) is generated as a coproduct.

?6?6 + ??2 → ?6?5?? + ??? ?6?5?? + ??2 → ?6?4??2 + ???

Given that the molar ratio of benzene to chlorine in the feed is 5 to 1; and the feed contains only benzene and chlorine. Chlorine is the limiting reactant and completely consumed in the reaction. The fractional yield of C6H5Cl is 0.875

. a. Take a basis of 100 mol C6H5Cl produced, draw and label a flowchart. Do a degree of freedom analysis based on atomic species balances.

b. Calculate the amount of feed and product components of the reactor using the atomic species balances. Present the calculated values in a table to prove that the total mass to the reactor is equal to the total mass out from the reactor (mass conservation).

c. Calculate the percentage conversion of C6H6. The value that you have calculated should be low. Why do you think the reactor would be designed for low conversion? What additional processing steps are likely to take place downstream of the reactor in order to improve the conversion?

111 m³/min of hydrogen measured at normal conditions and nitrogen at a 300% excess enter an isobaric reactor. The inlet gases at 490°C are reacted in the presence of a catalyst to synthesize ammonia. The process has an efficiency of 33%. The exhaust gases are cooled to -40°C to condense the ammonia. Assume that the Cp of the gas phase species can be used in the temperature range, and that Cp NH3 (l) = 0.071938 kJ/mol K. Calculate the overall heat flow of the system in kW.

In 2000 words

: Discus how the fourth industrial revolution could impact on improving electricity sector in South Africa

Match the rock families with the processes that form them.

Group of answer choices

Cooling of magma.

      [ Choose ]            Igneous Rock            Metamorphic Rock            Sedimentary Rock      

Layers of sediment lithify

      [ Choose ]            Igneous Rock            Metamorphic Rock            Sedimentary Rock      

High temperature, high pressure, and hydrothermal fluids

      [ Choose ]            Igneous Rock            Metamorphic Rock            Sedimentary Rock      

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1. The formation of silver hydroxide, AgOH (s), is a precipitation reaction used to remove silver from water originated from industries of photographic material processing. Similar reactions are used to remove other heavy metals in water. The pKs of the relevant reaction shown below is 7.7 at 25 °C.

AgOH (s) ↔ Ag⁺ + OH^-

If the pH of a specific wastewater is initially 6.5 and after treatment is 10.0, what is the maximum concentration of soluble Ag⁺ in mg/L a) prior and b) after treatment? c) Is pH 13 enough to reduce silver concentrations to Secondary MCL (maximum contaminant level) of 0.1 mg/L?

Data:

1) Atomic weight: Ag=107.87 g/mole; O=16.00 g/mole; H=1.01 g/mole;

2) Assume that any other compounds or metals in this wastewater do not influence this solubility reaction.

3) The temperature of the wastewater is 25 ºC.

How would your ecological footprint be different if you lived in a less industrialized country?

Q) Which of the following statements is not correct?

The Eastern hemisphere is defined by longitude

The Prime Meridian is 0 degrees of latitude

The international date line is in the middle of the Pacific Ocean

Lines of latitude are parallel

The Arctic circle is outside of the circle of illumination on December 22nd

Q) At the equator the daylength on June 1 is...

8 hours

14 hours

12 hours

24 hours

0 hours

Q) What portion of the atmosphere does the biosphere primarily interact with?

ozonosphere

lithosphere

troposphere

Heterosphere

Q) Which of the following is not a way in which we define the atmosphere in geography?

function

temperature

height

Composition

Q) Mountain-valley breezes are caused by

valley air ascending the mountain slopes at night

warmer air descending mountain slopes during the day

gravity drainage

warm air rising upslope during the day and cooler air descending the slopes at night

Q) Which of the following is true of objects and wind moving over a distance on Earth's surface?

They are affected only by the pressure gradient and the friction force

They are apparently deflected clockwise from a straight path in the Northern hemisphere.

They are always deflected from a straight path to the west in the southern hemisphere

They are always deflected clockwise by the friction force

Q) The largest portion of fresh water today is located in

ice caps and glaciers

clouds

the major rivers and lakes of the world

groundwater resources

Q) The property that makes water 'wet' and is the cause of capillary action is:

molecular hold

hydrogen bonding

covalent bonding

atomic friction

Q) The Pacific Northwest region of the US is a moist environment because of

the effect of maritime air masses

all of the above

the predominant direction the winds blow at that latitude (45 to 50 degrees north)

the presence of mountains

Q) Which of the following lists the correct, generalized sequence of Koppen climates from the equator to the poles?

H --> B --> C --> D --> A

A --> B --> C --> D --> E

H --> D --> C --> B --> A

E --> D --> C --> B --> A

Q) The gas that is thought to be responsible for more than half of the anthropogenic warming of the atmosphere is

water vapor

carbon dioxide

methane

CFC's

1a. A ternary mixture contains 20 mol % A , 40mol % B, and 40 mol % C. At a pressure of 80 atm and a temperature of 75?C the fugacity coefficient of components A ,B and C in this mixture are 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 respectively. What is the fugacity of the mixture?

Explain the basis of the equation you use in (a).

1b. For the system ethyl ethanoate (1) /n -heptane (2) at 450K , assuming the validity of the modified raoult’s law

1. Make a BULB P calculation for T = 450 K, x₁ = 0.06
2. Make a DEW P calculation for T = 450 K, y₁ = 0.06
3. Determine if the system is an azeotrope

Given the following data;

Iny₁ = 0.95X₂² ;   Iny₂ = 0.95X₁²     P₁^sat 80.0 kpa ; P₂^sat = 41.0 kpa.

2.   a. A binary mixture consists of acetonitrile (1) and nitromethane (2) which conform closely to raoult’s law. Vapor pressures for the pure species are given by the following antoine equations;

In(P₁^sat ,Kpa) = 2945.5t?C+224..0

In(P₂^sat ,Kpa) = 2972.6t?C+209.0

Determine the bubble point pressure and vapor composition for a mixture of composition X₁ = 0.6 at a temperature of 65?C.

     b. State the criteria for equilibrium for vapor -liquid composition.

     c. Given the excess Gibb’s free energy of a solution as :

GEX1RT = B( 1-X₁) find the activity coefficient expression arising out of the binary solution model .

1. Show whether these expressions satisfy the Gibb’s-Duhem equation.

At 30?C and 1 atm, the volumetric data for liquid mixtures of benzene (b) and

provide 5 ways/methods and explain them on how global warming can be reduced in the future?

Describe in 2-3 sentences about fundalmental analysis and techniqual analysis of forecasting

A piston-cylinder assembly has a liquid-vapor mixture of R-134a, with initial total mass of 3 kg, total volume of 0.12 m3 and a temperature of 10°C. The refrigerant then undergoes two processes in series: constant-temperature process followed by a constant- pressure process. At the end of the constant-pressure process, the pressure is 140 kPa and the R-134a is all saturated liquid. The constant temperature process is adiabatic while the constant-pressure process is not. Neglect kinetic and potential effects.

a. Solve for the initial quality of the liquid-vapor mixture of R-134a.

b. Determine the work and heat transfer for the constant-temperature process, in kJ.

c. Determine the work and heat transfer for the constant-pressure process, in kJ.

(a) A gas phase reaction, ? → ? is carried out in a packed bed reactor (ID = 0.8 m) containing Al2O3 catalyst. The catalysts were of spherical shape with a diameter of 6 mm. The reactant A was diluted with inert (70% inert) and fed to the reactor at 10 atm and 200 °C. The volumetric flow rate was varied from 5 - 15 m3 /s. It was assumed that the surface reaction and the external mass transfer influenced the overall conversion in the reactor. Compare the amount of the catalyst required to achieve 50% conversion under different flow rates.

(b) Estimate the weight of the catalyst to achieve 50% conversion when the reaction was carried out at 400 °C for the feed flow rate of 5 m3 /s.

Steam flows steadily through a turbine at a rate of 12,550 kg/h, entering at 7 MPa and 500oC, state 1 and leaving at 50 kPa as saturated vapor, state 2. The power generated by the turbine is 6.2 MW. Determine (a) the quality I % at the exit and (b) the heat transfer in kJ/sec with direction.