Why is a mutation in a signaling pathway not sufficient to create a cancer cell.

Describe the mechanisms of action, biochemical targets and effects of these 7 lipid-lowering drugs:

Niacin

Colestipol

Torcetrapib

Avasimibe

Implitapide

Praluent

Ezetimibe

Bacterial operons & regulating metabolic pathways

Two kinds of control: enzyme regulation vs. gene regulation. Why?

trp operon. How does the presence of tryptophan prevent the synthesis of more tryptophan (2 different ways)?

lac operon. Compare & contrast with trp.

Why are operons for catabolic and anabolic pathways regulated differently?

Positive vs. negative gene regulation. Why would both be used for the same operon?

AraC mechanism. Is AraC an inducer or a repressor?

Predict what will happen to the expression of β-galactosidase (lacZ gene) in a mutant strain lacking lacI-gene (cells are not able to produce LacI-protein): A. lacZ gene will not be expressed. B. lacZ gene will be expressed only when both lactose and glucose are present. C. lacZ gene will be expressed only in the presence of lactose; maximum expression will be observed in the absence of glucose. D.lacZ gene will not be repressed; maximum expression will be observed in the absence of glucose. E.lacZ gene will not be repressed; maximum expression will be observed in the presence of glucose.

translation:

Genetic code; codon. How many codons are there? How many code for amino acids? What do the others do? What is the genetic code?

tRNA; anticodon; aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. What key role do aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases play in translation? Why is there more than one?

Ribosome structure. What are ribosomes made of? Where are they made? Why are there 3 tRNA binding sites?

Translation initiation complex

Why wouldn't a transcribed mRNA not be translated immediately?

Elongation & translocation in translation. In translocation, which parts move relative to one another, and which don’t?

Termination; release factor

Compare and contrast two different forms of viral internalization—influenza and HIV. Briefly compare viral proteins involved, host receptors, and pH dependence of internalization.

PLEASE DISCUSS ALL PARTS. Thank you!

Rubisco is

What is the observed latitudinal gradient of biodiversity? Define three hypotheses that explain the latitudinal gradient.

outline the operon theory, including the function cis-acting and trans -acting elements, using the lac operon as an example

How does the change of a person affect HIV in thers of the real world system.

a. If the structure of CD4 changes

b. If miRNA are present in the TH cell

c. Inhibition of viral RNA

d. Which of these methods are best in stopping HIV?

Define the following types of species interactions: predation, herbivory, parasitism and parasitoids (you could use a graph, but you need to explain the illustration). Provide 3 examples for each interaction (i.e., predation, herbivory, parasitism and parasitoids).

1. you are evaluating autosomal recessive condition A (alleles A and a) and B (alleles B and b) which you hypothesize are on different chromosomes. You are given 7 wildtype (homozygous dominant) female flies and 7 male flies that are homozygous recessive. What genotypic ratio would you expect in the F1 generation produced?

2. you mate the F1 females with males that are homozygous recessive for both disease A and B to produce an F2 generation. What phenotypic ratio would you expect in the F2 generation? what is this experiment called?

3. what molecule do you evaluate with a polyacrylamide gel?