what does a 16S rDNA sequence of an organism look like? This sounds like a dumb question but I do not understand what this is. How many base pairs?

What is the 16S rDNA sequence of Streptomyces aureofaciens? I have to find it and paste it in an assignment but I do not know how to find it or where to look. Please help.

In this unit, you became familiar with sources of municipal solid waste (MSW), beneficial uses of MSW, and MSW landfills.

For this assignment, you will write an essay that addresses the components listed below.

• Discuss the sources and beneficial uses of municipal solid waste.
• Describe the differences between garbage, rubbish, and trash.
• Elaborate on the four characteristics of optimum routing of MSW collection trucks.
• Explain the purpose of transfer stations.
• Provide two positive and two negative aspects of incinerators.
• Describe the purpose of composting.
• Discuss four differences between dumps and landfills.
• Address the following question: If each person in a city of 20,000 people generates 5 pounds per day of MSW, how many pounds of MSW are generated in a year in the city?
• Address the following question: In a different city, if the landfill volume required per year is 300,000 m3, and the average fill depth is 15 m, what is the required landfill area (m2) per year?

Your essay should flow smoothly from topic to topic with thoughtful transitions. It should be at least three pages in length, not counting the references page; a title page is optional.

When glutamate binds to it's ionotropic receptors, including __, it can also cause an __ in the post-synaptic neuron by letting __ into the cell.

a) AMPA; excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP); Ca++

b) NMDA; inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP); Cl-

c) G-protein coupled receptors; inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP); K+

d) Kainate; excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP); Na+

e) NMDA; excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP); Ca++

Why is it significant that arginine vasopressin is expressed in squirrel monkeys and the amino acid sequence is identical to humans?

Excessive blood loss during child birth can result in an inadequate amount of blood volume in mothers body. With decreased blood volume and pressure, the heart becomes incapable of pumping necessary amount of blood to all the tissues resulting in damage to the brain specifically the pituatary gland. Sheehan's syndrome occurs in wome when the pituatry gland reduces the amount of hormones it secrets after child birth.

Sheehan's syndrome is initially suspected when a mother is unable to produce milk after having undergone a difficult child birth resulting in shock from blood loss. Since difficulty with lactation is not an uncommon occurence, many individuals affected are not diagnosed.

Maria resting gave child birth and is having difficulty with lactation, furthermore she is experiencing weight gain and hair loss. She is also complaining about constant faitgure and needing to wear additional layers to keep warm.

1) Which hormone secreted from the pituatry gland is responsible for wright gain, hair loss, and fatigue? Describe the hormone feed back loop for this individual.
2) Upon hearing about Marias symptoms, her doctor ordered blood tests to determine her blood glucose and sodium levels. Identify the hormons and the gland involved in regulating blood glucose and sodium. Would the expected blood glucose and sodium levels be high or low if Marina is affected by Sheehans syndrom

1. You are gifted a Christmas cactus with pink flowers. You know that the allele for pink flowers (P) is dominant to the allele for white flowers (p).
   1. What are the possible genotypes for your cactus?
   2. You learn that you can cross your cactus with another cactus using a paintbrush to transfer pollen. You realize that this is an opportunity to determine your cactus’s genotype by observing the ratio of flower colors in its offspring. You go to the flower shop to buy another Christmas cactus to cross with yours. The flower shop has both pink and white cactuses for sale. Which one should you buy to perform your cross? Explain your reasoning.
   3. Show your cross by setting up your own Punnett squares below. Use one Punnett square for each potential cross (remember that you don’t know the genotype of your cactus, so each potential genotype will require its own square).
   4. Explain how the results of your cross and your predictions will help you learn the genotype of your cactus.

More on how electrons move, and some tools you can use to ask your own questions:
You have become interested in the anaerobic respiration pathways of Desulfovibrio vulgaris, and specifically in the question of whether or not it can utilize sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor. To see whether it might use sulfate you have decided first to consult the genome sequence, focusing on D. vulgaris strain Hildenborough. A database of all the D. vulgaris str. Hildenborough genes (and complete genome sequences for many other microbial species) is maintained at the National Center for Biotechnology Information.

A. Navigate to the NCBI website and use the tools you find there to see whether D. vulgaris str. Hildenborough has genes encoding sulfate adenylyltransferase, adenylylsulfate reductase, and sulfite reductase (dissimilatory type). If you find them, provide the ‘locus tag’ given for one or more of the protein subunits (DVU####). If you do not find genes for these enzymes, consult with your T.A. or with a colleague from the class.

B. On discovering how easy it is to address such questions using the tools available at NCBI, you realize you’d also like to know whether or not D. vulgaris str. Hildenborough can use nitrate to support respiration. Key enzymes are nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase. Use the NCBI site to determine whether the D. vulgaris genome encodes genes for nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase. Provide the locus tags if you find the genes; if you do not find them, consult with your T.A. or a colleague from the class.

C. If D. vulgaris uses sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor and conserves energy by the accepted mechanism (section 13.18), then it is expected to have a low-potential periplasmic cytochrome, cytochrome c3. Use the tools available on the NCBI site to search for the cytochrome c3 gene. Restrict your search to strain Hildenborough. You should find several genes that encode various cytochromes c3. One of these is of particular interest because it is likely to interact with a hydrogenase. Click on the link for DVU2524, and on the page that opens, in the ‘Genomic context’ area, mouse over the genes adjacent to DVU2524. What genes do you find adjacent to DVU2524? (Provide the names of enzyme(s) they encode, not just locus tags.)

D. Another cytochrome c is thought to form part of the cytochrome hmc complex—and is named accordingly. Identify this one (provide the DVU number).

E. By using appropriate links on the NCBI website (which you are feeling impelled to explore at length now that you realize how much useful stuff is there), find the amino acid sequence of the cytochrome c protein that is encoded in the hmc operon (hint: on the hmc gene page, scroll down to the “mRNA and protein” part). Paste this sequence into your problem set answers (it should start with MSEDV...). It’s helpful to select “FASTA” at the top of the page, to obtain the sequence in FASTA format, which has a carat and the protein name on the first line.

F. Impressed by the unusual size of this cytochrome c, you want to find out what is known about its structure. Copy its amino acid sequence, then navigate to the “protein BLAST” page of the NCBI website and paste the sequence into the appropriate box, using FASTA format (retaining the line with the carat). Carry out a protein-protein BLAST search, specifying that the search should use the protein structure database, called the pdb (if you don’t, it will search the much larger database of nonredundant protein sequences). The search is initiated by the “BLAST” button lower down on the page. You should find some strong ‘hits’ to protein sequences in the pdb. Make a note of the pdb “accession number” for the top hit (given in the ‘accession’ column). Take just the first four characters (the characters _A are not necessary). Write this accession in your problem set answer.

G. Navigate to the RCSB website. In the search box, enter the four-character code (the accession number) you’ve just found and press return, An image of the protein should come up. Click on the “structure” link next to “3D view” below the image. You can manipulate the structure by moving the cursor on it while holding the mouse button down.

i. How would you describe the overall shape of this protein?

ii. What else do you find remarkable about this protein?

iii. Given its structure and the prosthetic groups present, what sort of function(s) do you think the protein might be suited for?

Note that if you’re used to viewing macromolecular structures in another program, you can also just download the coordinates of the protein structure from the RCSB page.

15.The HIV virus that causes AIDS suppresses the immune response because

Select one:

a. it attacks memory B lymphocytes.

b. it causes opportunistic infections.

c. it attacks plasma cells.

d. it attacks memory T lymphocytes.

e. it attacks CD4+ T lymphocytes.

16.

Cells infected with a virus will display the antigens of the virus they are infected with via the MHC-I protein.

Select one:

True

False

Suppose you have a trait in which males exhibit the trait with much greater frequency than females. Females can pass the trait to all of their offspring even if they themselves don’t exhibit the trait while males pass the trait to only their female offspring. A) Explain what pattern of inheritance is described in this scenario. B) Give a specific example of a genetic trait that shows this pattern of inheritance. C) If you have a female offspring that exhibits a trait with this pattern of inheritance, what can you conclude about the genotypes of her parents? D) If you have a man that exhibits a trait like this, who is married to a woman whose father also exhibited a trait like this, what would be the expected phenotype ratios of their offspring? E) SHOW YOUR WORK.

Case Study

Assessment of the nutritional quality of Mrs. Anderson’s diet

Mrs. Anderson is 58 years old. She lives alone in her house in Orleans, Ontario. Her husband died six months ago. She worked as a manager for several big retail stores for about 20 years before retiring 1 years ago. She has two children, a 34-year-old daughter and a 32-year-old son and 3 grandchildren. They live in the Montreal and Toronto.

A few weeks ago, Mrs. Anderson fell and broke her wrist. Her attending physician referred her for a bone density assessment using bone densitometry. This test revealed that Mrs. Anderson suffers from osteoporosis. Her doctor used this visit as an opportunity to perform a complete routine examination. Laboratory results show that her blood cholesterol and blood pressure are marginally high.

Mrs. Anderson's doctor suggests that she consults a dietitian in private practice to obtain a nutritional evaluation of her diet but also to obtain specific nutritional advice related to her health problems. You are an intern (4th year) at Myriam Lavallée’s clinic. She decides to entrust you with Mrs. Anderson. Myriam has already had a first meeting with Mrs. Anderson for 60 minutes. During this first interview, she took her anthropometric measurements (height and weight) and did a dietary history to obtain an overall picture of her eating habits.

Myriam shares with you some of the information she has collected about Mrs. Anderson. The dietitian noted that some aspects of Mrs. Anderson's eating habits need to be improved. She prefers not to reveal her observations at this time as not to influence your own analysis! However, she shares with you that Mrs. Anderson's food pattern is very similar from one day to the next and that her eating habits have changed since her husband's death. Her main physical activity is limited to taking a walk with her small dog Nikko for about 15 minutes in the park near her home only when the weather is nice. During the winter, she walks to the neighbourhood shopping centre (1-2 times a week). She never smoked and she drinks alcohol only on occasions such as holidays and birthdays. It is then limited to 1-2 drinks. Mrs. Anderson feels lonely since she lives on her own. She does not really have any social activities and her children and grandchildren come to visit her about once a month in turn.

In order to analyze Mrs. Anderson's diet in more detail, you decide, first, to carry out a 24-hour recall since Mrs. Anderson's diet is not diversified. This analysis will be complementary to the dietary history already carried out by Myriam. The second meeting with Mrs. Anderson will take place next week. You are preparing well for this meeting by carefully reviewing the concepts surrounding the 24-hour recall method and by making sure you will bring different tools (food models, measuring cups, measuring spoons etc) that you need in order to help Mrs. Anderson to estimate the portion sizes of food she consumed.

Questions 1: What would be your concrete suggestions so that Mrs. Anderson can easily integrate your advice that will allow her to improve four (4) aspects of her diet/lifestyle. You must consider her health status, life cycle stage, and factors that influence her eating behaviour (psychosocial, economic, cultural context, etc.).

Q2: Include at the end of this section your thoughts on the benefits and limitations of analyzing the nutritional quality of a diet using a 24 hour recall.

In a paragraph or two, note an additional point that might be added to the five that are listed. Base your response on what you’ve learned from the course—using any chapter from the book as the basis for your additional point. Be sure to support your point with the reason that you’ve added it to the list of five—how is it relevant?

1. clean food
2. cook thoroughly
3. keep food at safe temperatures
4. use. safe water and raw materials
5. separate raw and cooked