Discuss how erythropoeitin relates to athletic doping, how drugs like epogen might be abused and how one could test for inappropriate use of the drug. Could other cytokines also be abused as drugs?

Propose three different decarboxylation pathways

Draw a picture that shows FA oxidation vs. FA synthesis

• Color-code each pathway

Include:

• All steps to each pathway
• How they are Regulated by Insulin vs. Glucagon
• Indicate rate-limiting steps/enzymes
• ALL Enzymes, products and substrates
• Location of each pathway

1. Some bacteria only have capsules while actively infecting a host but not when grown in a test tube. Briefly describe an experiment that you could perform to determine whether your bacteria have a capsule while infecting a host. Include an experimental procedure as well as a step/procedure for visualization of the capsule.

2. Why do capsules benefit bacteria that are trying to infect a host?

3. What is the function of oil on an immersion lens?

Bacterial cells regulate gene expression at both transcription and translation levels. Transcription is controlled by transcription factors or DNA binding proteins that bind promoters (regulatory sequences of genes) and prevent or promote RNA Polymerase binding. Positive control of transcription involves both disabling a repressor and allowing an activator to bind the promoter. Similarly, negative control results in detachment of the activator and binding of the repressor to turn off transcription. Inducible genes encode enzymes involved in catabolic pathways. These genes are turned off by binding of repressors to the operator site (downstream to or overlapping the promoter sequence). To turn them on, an inducer inactivates the repressor causing it to fall off. The promoter is then free to bind an activator at the activator binding site, which further promotes RNA polymerase binding. Repressible genes generally encode enzymes that are part of the anabolic pathways. These genes are generally on until turned off. The aporepressor must be activated by product of the anabolic pathway by a negative feedback mechanism. Thus, the product acts as a corepressor to turn off transcription. The genes are turned back on when co-repressor diffuses away causing the repressor to fall off.

Questions: Bacterial cells must monitor their environment to make appropriate regulatory decisions. Catabolic enzymes are involved in breaking down a nutrient whereas anabolic enzymes are involved in synthesizing an essential nutrient. Let’s assume that bacteria are inoculated into a medium containing both maltose sugar and proline amino acid. Determine whether the MAL and PRO operons will be ON or OFF?

Please respond to the following questions in your own words.

1. What is aseptic technique and why is it important in microbiology?
2. Using the video above, please describe the steps required to inoculate a petri plate using a liquid culture.
3. Please describe the shape and arrangement of the following bacteria: staphylococci, streptococci, and streptobacilli.

1. Theory of Aging: Rate of Living Theory. Discuss for or against and provide citation and references. Minimum 250 words

Most health care organization now have some type of online portal where patients can review test results, message their providers, review other medical information. Research two such portals and share in the discussion board.

  The heart and circulatory system in vertebrates has changed significantly compared to the two-chambered heart of our fish ancestors. Describe the major changes in the general structure of the vertebrate heart starting with fish to amphibians to mammals and birds. Be sure to explain the evolutionary significance of these changes. For example, explain how changes in the heart have allowed mammals to grow large and both birds and mammals to be more active.

1. Explain the difference between inorganic and organic molecules.

2. Define:

   a.   salt
   b.   electrolyte
   c.   anion
   d.   cation
   e.   acid
   f.   base
   g.   pH
   h.   buffer

what effect did Sutton's discovery that chromosomes come in pairs have on his life?

Explain how naproxen sodium and ibuprofen are structurally similar.

1. Which sex chromosomes are limited to only one sex?
A. X and Z
B. X and W
C. Y and Z
D. Y and W
E. X and Y

2. Which karyotype is female in flies and male in humans?

A. XX

B. XY

C. XO

D. XXY

E. XYY

3. Which karyotype is male in flies and female in humans?

A. XX

B. XY

C. XO

D. XXY

E. XYY

4. Which karyotype can have 2 Barr bodies?

A. XY

B. XX

C. XXY

D. XXXY

E. XXXXY

5. Which human genetic disorder is not caused by aneuploidy?

A. Down syndrome

B. Edward syndrome

C. Patau syndrome

D. Klinefelter syndrome

E. CML (Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia)

6. If you are a male, your X chromosome contains genes derived from
A. your paternal grandfather only.
B. your maternal grandfather only.
C. both your paternal and maternal grandfathers.
D. both your paternal grandfather and grandmother.
E. both your maternal grandfather and grandmother.