1. Match each statement about pyruvate metabolism in mitochondria with the correct term.

   This product of pyruvate oxidation directly supplies energy to the mitochondrial electron transport system.    This product of pyruvate oxidation diffuses across the lipid bilayer of the  mitochondrial inner membrane. This product of pyruvate oxidation enters the citric acid cycle.    This is co-transported into the mitochondrial matrix along with pyruvate.

   A. NADH B. AcetylCoA C. CO2 D. H+

QUESTION 14

1. You have a small plastic chamber with a semipermeable cellulose membrane running down the middle. This membrane contains pores that allow molecules with sizes under 10,000 daltons (Da) to pass freely. You fill one side of your chamber with water (18 Da) and the other side with an equal volume of solution containing bromophenol blue dye (670 Da) at a concentration of 4 mg/mL in water. After allowing your experimental chamber to stand overnight, you would expect to find ____________________.

   		that all the water in the chamber had moved to the side you added dye to, which was hyperosmotic
   		4 mg/mL bromophenol blue solution on both sides of the membrane due to diffusion of the molecules.
   		that all the dye had moved to the opposite side of the membrane, which was hypoosmotic
   		2 mg/mL bromophenol blue solution on both sides of the membrane due to diffusion of the molecules.

QUESTION 15

1. Fermentation pathways ____________________.

   		include an electron transport system in which molecular oxygen is not the final acceptor
   		produce less ATP and more NADH than glycolysis
   		cannot operate if molecular oxygen (O2) is present
   		produce ATP only through glycolysis, and regenerate NAD+

three autosomal genes (Z, E and T) in seahorses. Each gene sorts independently and each gene has two alleles. The Z allele forms zebra stripes which are completely dominant over no stripes, z. The E allele codes for crossed eyes which is dominant over uncrossed eyes, e. Lastly, the T allele codes for jellyfish-like tentacles,which are dominant over (t) squid-like tentacles. You have two parents that are completely heterozygous for all traits. What is the probability they have offspring that have:

a.Zebra Stripes, uncrossed eyes, and squid-like tentacles? ________________

b.All dominant traits?_______________________________

c.Have the genotype ZZeeTt?_________________________

d.True breeding for zebra stripes, crossed eyes and squid-like tentacles?______________

e.All dominant alleles or all recessive alleles?________________

f.The first progeny is a male with zebra stripes and the second progeny is a male with no stripes?(assume sex probabilities in zebrafish is similar to humans)

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of human traits that follow an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern?

Group of answer choices

more males than females are affected

more females than males are affected

it is passed from father to all sons

affected sons must have an affected mother

True or False - Du positive blood is regarded as Rh-negative for transfusion purposes.

Why is it preferable, if possible, to take a narrow spectrum antibiotic over a broad spectrum antibiotic?

Group of answer choices

narrow spectrum antibiotics have a limited range of effectiveness among different bacterial species but they each have several modes of action which make them more effective than broad spectrum antibiotics

narrow spectrum antibiotics are less likely to be overcome by antimicrobial resistance mechanisms compared to broad spectrum antibiotics

narrow spectrum antibiotics always have a high theraputic index compared to broad spectrum antibiotics

narrow spectrum antibiotics are less likely to destroy the normal gut microflora which can lead to development of super-infections after treatment

narrow spectrum antibiotics attack many more species of bacteria compared to broad spectrum antibiotics

Using the Arizona Wuhan seafood market virus isolate, MN997409.1, run BLAST against the RefSeq Representative genomes (refseq_representative_genomes) database, limiting the search to Viruses (taxid: 10239) in the “Organism” field. From the hits returned, construct a phylogenetic tree (Distance tree of results). Examining the BLAST results and the Distance Tree select all that apply:

a)The non-Wuhan virus genome with the lowest E-value and highest identity is the SARS coronavirus

b)The distance tree suggests the Arizona virus is very different from the reference Wuhan seafood market virus isolate

c)The Distance tree suggests that the Wuhan viruses show similarity to a Bat coronavirus – BM48-31/BGR/2008

d)The White-eye corona virus show a significant hit, but with very low Query coverage

1)Vitamin A and pro-vitamin A are molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms and do not have any amino acids. If scientists want to genetically engineer a plant to make pro-vitamin A, what type of gene or genes would the scientists need to insert in the plant cells? Would they insert a gene that codes for pro-vitamin A? If not, what type of molecule would the gene or genes have to code for? Explain your reasoning.

2)Scientists have identified genes for two enzymes needed to make pro-vitamin A. One of these genes comes from corn. If this gene from a corn plant is inserted in the DNA of a rice plant, will the sequence of amino acids in the protein produced by the rice plant be the same as the sequence of amino acids in the protein produced by the corn plant? In other words, will rice plants that have this gene produce the same enzyme as corn plants produce? Explain why or why not.

3)Once scientists have identified the genes for enzymes to produce provitamin A, how could they insert these genes in the DNA of rice plant cells? Suggest one possibility.

4)Would you recommend that scientists try to insert the genes for enzymes to produce pro-vitamin A into:

a. all the cells in a rice plant

b. the thousands of cells in each rice grain or

c. a small group of embryonic rice plant cells that can divide and develop into a rice plant?

Explain your reasoning.

5) To insert genes from one organism into a different organism, scientists often take advantage of the natural genetic engineering capabilities of bacteria or viruses. One type of bacteria genetically engineers plant cells by inserting part of its bacterial DNA into the plant cell DNA, thus producing recombinant DNA. The inserted bacterial genes code for proteins that:

• stimulate the genetically engineered plant cells to produce food molecules that only the bacteria can use
• stimulate these genetically engineered plant cells to divide and form a growth that bulges out from the stem or root.

Explain how this type of genetic engineering is useful for the bacterium.

fluid moving into the brain after a traumatic brain injury can result in swelling of the brain. what type of solution(hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic)would doctors use to relieve the swelling. why. 5 marks

Define multihit hypothesis. A complete definition will include the following (4pts):

·Define the term “hit”.(1)

Accumulation of mutations in genes that control cell cycle, apoptosis, and cell migration in a adult stem cell.

·Define how many hits normally will cause a cell to become cancer.(1)

·Explain the type of cell that normally becomes a cancer cell and why.(1)

·Finally, make sure to explain the importance of time in a cell becoming a cancer cell.(1)

Question 21

1. Vibrios are bacteria that have.....

   	A.	Comma shape
   	B.	Rod shape
   	C.	All are correct
   	D.	Spiral shape

2.5 points

Question 22

1. Fungal hyphae in which two genetically distinct kinds of……………………occur together are said to be heterokaryotic

   	A.	Nuclei
   	B.	Chloroplast
   	C.	Parenchyma cells
   	D.	Flagella

2.5 points

Question 23

1. ............................occurs in vascular plants which have microspores and megaspores

   	A.	Algae
   	B.	Diatom
   	C.	Heterospory
   	D.	Bacteria

2.5 points

Question 24

1. The first plants clearly evolved from an organism that, if it existed today, would be classified as a multicellular…………………

   	A.	Cyanobacteria
   	B.	Bryophyte
   	C.	Green algae
   	D.	Meristematic tissue

2.5 points

Question 25

1. Chloroplasts are descended from

   	A.	Plasmid
   	B.	Fern frond
   	C.	Cyanobacteria
   	D.	Trypanosoma

2.5 points

Question 26

1. Shigella species causes

   	A.	Measles
   	B.	Pneumonia
   	C.	Bacterial descentry
   	D.	Chicken pox

2.5 points

Question 27

1. Which of the following statement is not true about protists?

   	A.	Protists have cuticle
   	B.	Photosynthetic protists are at the base of aquatic food chain
   	C.	Protozoan are the heterotropic unicellular protist
   	D.	Euglena is a photosynthetic protist

2.5 points

Question 28

1. Humankind's most prevalent diseases are caused by phylum apicomplexan which are protists consist of endoplasmic protozoan. Which of the following disease is caused by these protists?

   	A.	Head injury
   	B.	Malaria (by Plasmodium)
   	C.	Fungal infection
   	D.	Any physical trauma

2.5 points

Question 29

1. Which of the following is true regarding photosynthetic protists?

   	A.	They are called lichens
   	B.	They are called photoautotroph
   	C.	They are parasites
   	D.	They do genetic transduction

2.5 points

Question 30

1. What does Lichen mean?

   	A.	Helpful symbiotic relationship between blue/green algae (cyanobacteria)  with filamentous fungus
   	B.	It is an insect
   	C.	It is harmful for mankind
   	D.	All are correct

1a. If a 10^-2 dilution of a culture yields 150 colonies when 0.5 ml is spread on a plate, how many colonies will grow on a plate that receives 0.1 ml of the same dilution?

1b. How many CFU per ml are present in a sample if 0.2 ml of a 10^-5 dilution grew 220 colonies?

1c. How many colonies do you expect when 0.4 ml of a 10^-7 dilution of a culture containing 10^9 CFU per ml is plated onto nutrient media?

Complete the following dihybrid crosses. Draw out the Punnett for the F₁ generation and the F₂ generation.

1. In Drosophila, fruit flies, individuals with ebony body color and vestigial (small) wings represent the homozygous recessive. If you crossed an individual that was homozygous dominant (normal) for both genes with an individual that was homozygous recessive for both genes, you would observe the following:

a. phenotypic ratio in the F₁

b. phenotypic ratio in the F₂

c. genotypic ratio in the F₁

d. genotypic ratio in the F₂

After being exported to the cytoplasm, the 7-methyl guanosine cap was inadvertently (by mistake) cleaved off of a eukaryotic mRNA. As a consequence, which of the following will probably happen?