1. Discuss the composition and structure of enzymes and discuss the factors that modify enzyme structure and function

2. Describe the production and processing of a protein that will be exported from a eukaryotic cell. Begin with the separation of the mRNA from the DNA template and end with the release of the protein at the plasma membrane.

Describe the mechanisms by which B-cells and T-cells can recognize self from non-self antigens.

Propose a research study on the effects of warming climate and resulting advancing treeline. Assume that your hypothesis is that a bird's growth and reproduction will be negatively affected by the advancing treeline. The bird resides in one forest and flies at high elevations. What is an experiment that could take place? List the research design and methods. What are the materials, replicates for treatments, sampling and measurement procedures?

Genetics:

1) Gametogenesis in Neuropsora is different from gametogenesis in humans and fruit flies in that it includes:

a) Only Meiosis II (i.e., Meiosis I does not occur)

b) Mitosis

c) Unordered gametes

d) Only Meiosis I (i.e., Meiosis II does not occur)

2) Assume that a true-breeding female with the dominant phenotype is crossed to a true-breeding male with the recessive phenotype (Generation 0). Female offspring are then backcrossed to males with the recessive phenotype (Generation 1). This process is then repeated, with each new generation created by crossing the female offspring from the previous backcross generation to males with the recessive phenotype. If this trait is controlled by a maternal effect gene, in which backcross generation will some of the females used for the backcross have the recessive phenotype?

a) 4

b) None. The recessive phenotype will never reappear with this crossing scheme.

c) 1

d) 3

e) 2

3) Consider the following parental cross, involving genes A and B that are located 10 cM apart on the same chromosome:

AB/AB x ab/ab

If the F1 individuals are backcrossed to the ab/ab parent, what percentage of the offspring are expected to have the genotype ab/ab?

Express your answer as an integer between 0 and 100.

4) Consider a dihybrid cross in which one allele at each of the two genes contributes a value of 2 to a trait whereas the other allele contributes 0.

What proportion of offspring are expected to have a phenotype of 4?

Enter your answer as a decimal with two places (e.g., 0.10 or 0.01).

Sucrose is a disaccharide consisting of glucose and fructose. Following cleavage by sucrase glucose is readily metabolized through glycolysis. Explain how fructose serves as an alternative glycolytic intermediate?

Yeast Fermentation Results

1. Clearly stated hypothesis
2. Identify the independent and dependent variables
3. Your conclusion as to the sugar which produced the highest rate of fermentation by the yeast, citing evidence from the video to support your conclusion.
4. Was your hypothesis supported by the experimental data? Provide a biological explanation for the results that you observed.

Regulation of the lac operon is under both negative and positive control. Describe how these two transcriptional control mechanisms regulate expression of the lac operon in the presence of glucose and/or lactose.

If fungi were to disappear completely from earth what might happen? List at least 3 different consequences

The primary role citric acid cycle is to collect high energy electrons from the oxidation of carbons in the form of NADH and FADH2. If the electron transport chain is inhibited, would you expect the citric acid cycle to be more active or less active? Explain your answer.

Please, I need a unique answer, use your own words (don't copy and paste, no handwritten notes)

give me an the biosynthesis and chemical structure of (Dexamethasone & COVID-19)

Question 1: Consider a biallelic locus in an annual plant population. You observe the allele frequencies of allele A and allele T are equal to 0.4 and 0.6 in 2010, respectively.

A) Calculate the heterozygosity (H) of this locus in 2010, assuming the population mating is at random.

B) What is the expected frequency of allele A in 2020?

C) If the effective population size of this population is equal to 1,000, what is the expected heterozygosity of this locus in 2020?

D) If the effective population size is equal to 10 instead, what is the expected heterozygosity in 2020?

E) Based on your calculation, explain why genetic diversity is typically very low in endangered species.

Question 2: The observed heterozygosity (H) of a microsatellite is equal to 0.2% in a diploid population, and the mutation rate (per generation) at this microsatellite locus is equal to 2 x 10^-8.

A) Estimate the effective population size of this population.

B) The census population size of this population is 10⁶. Name two distinct processes that can contribute to the mismatch between the census population size and the effective population size.

Question 3: Suppose there are two annual plant species (A and B). Species A lives in a stable environment and has a constant census population size of 1,000. Species B lives in an unstable environment alternating between dry and wet years. Species B’s census population size is 200 in dry years and 1,800 in wet years. The frequencies of the dry and wet years are equal.

A) What is the effective population size of species A?

B) What is the effective population size of species B?

C) Assume the two species are similar in genome size and mutation rate, which species do you expect to have a higher level of heterozygosity? Why?

Question 4: Suppose a population has an effective population size of 50. In one generation, the average heterozygosity (averaged across loci) is reduced from 0.5 to 0.42. Is the population mating at random? Why?

Question 5: What is the effective population size in a population in which each breeding male controls a harem of 10 females, and the total population consists of 400 males and 400 females?

At what substrate concentration would an enzyme with Km of 5mM operate at one-quarter its maximum rate? Give your answer in units of mM to 1 decimal place.