How would you describe the complexity of the health industry in terms of workforce, environment, and social expectations? How would a health leader successfully navigate this complexity?

1. Explain the set-up and outcome of Griffith’s transformation experiment ?
2. Describe the Ames test and how it used to test the mutagenic properties of chemicals    I NEED ANSWERS FOR BOTH QUESTION , THAT IS , ALSO SEPARATE ANSWERS FOR BOTH QUESTIONS 1 AND 2 !!!!

1. Discuss how a pathogen causes an infection. Include definitions for primary pathogen, opportunistic pathogen, infection, disease (caused by a living organism), and various stages of pathogenesis. You can choose a specific organism to describe (like Orthomyxovirus and Influenza) or discuss a generalized infection.

2.

Describe each type of infection in the following list and include the mode of transmission in each scenario. Use terms such as primary, secondary, healthcare-associated, STI, mixed, latent, toxemia, chronic, zoonotic, asymptomatic, local, and systemic to describe the types of infections (more than one term may apply, some may not apply to these conditions)

1) The development of Pneumocystis pneumonia in an AIDS patient
2) Salmonellosis
3) Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome infection acquired while vacationing in a log cabin

a. You are conducting a lab experiment on the promoter regions of genes. In one experiment you apply heat to two sections of DNA that you believe could be promoter regions. One region unwinds at 80 degrees C and the other unwinds at 60 degrees C. Which of the two strands contain the promoter? Explain.

b. Apply your knowledge of genetics to explain what would happen in a nucleus if histones were negatively charged.

1)Lets do a simple bayesian calculation.

60% of frogs are female, the rest male.

All male frogs sing, but only 10% of female frogs sing.

You hear a frog singing.

What is the posterior probability that this singing frog is male?

(hint! The probability of any frog singing is the probability  of a singing female (.6 x .1) plus that of a singing male (.4 x 1))

1)23%

2)35%

3)75%

4)87%

2)Which is the most complicated model for molecular sequence evolution?  

1)Jukes Cantor

2)F81

3)HKY

4)GTR

3)You run modeltest on your data and determine that you do not have equal frequencies of bases, but you don't see any evidence that transversions are any more or less common than translations. Which model should you use?

1)JC

2)F81

3)HKY

4)GTR

4)The support values on trees generated via bayesian methods convey:

1)How likely that clade is

2)What proportion of trees that are likely to come from the provided data contain the clade in question

3)How many substitions are found in the sequences between two taxa

4)The quality of the analysis

Lab: Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection in Action: Peppered Moth Simulation

Purpose:

To describe the importance of coloration in avoiding predation

To relate environmental change to changes in organisms

To explain how natural selection causes populations to change

Background:

                Industrial melanism is a term used to describe that adaptation of a population in response to pollution. One example of rapid industrial melanism occurred in populations of peppered moths in the area of Manchester, England from 1845 to 1890. Before the industrial revolution, the trunks of the trees in the forest around Manchester were light grayish-green due to the presence of lichens. Most of the peppered moths in the area were light colored with dark spots. As the industrial revolution progressed, the tree trunks became covered with soot (chimney smoke) and turned dark. Over a period of 45 years, the dark variety of the peppered moth became more common.

Materials:

2 sheets of white paper

2 sheets of any colored paper

Tweezers

Scissors

Clock with a second hand

Hypothesis: (remember that a hypothesis is a testable statement)

If the color of the prey matches the background color than (complete the statement)______

____________________________________________________________________________.

Procedure:

1. Using one of your sheets of colored and one of your sheets of white paper, cut out 20 squares of each (20 colored and 20 white). There is a square at the top of this page that shows you the size of the square to use.
2. Place a sheet of white paper on the table and irregularly arrange 20 white cutouts and 20 colored cutouts over the surface.
3. Use forceps to pick up as many of the cutouts as you can in 15 seconds. Eating is simulated by picking up the cutouts with forceps and placing them on the countertop in front of you. Imagine yourself as a “predator” in the wild.
4. This trial will be repeated. Next place the cutouts on the colored background. Record the data on the next page. You will have a total of four trials: two with the colored paper background and two with the white paper background

Data Table:

Analysis:

1. What did the experiment show about how predators select their prey? Did your experiment support your hypothesis?

2. If the cutouts represented moths, what moth coloration is best adapted for a dark (colored) background? How do you know?

3. What would you expect the next generation of moths to look like after trial 1? What about the next generation after trial 3?

4. Did the experiment work in the way it was supposed to? Why/why not?

Conclusion:

Write a 5 sentence summary of a) what the experiment tested and showed b) how the experiment relates to natural selection c)how the experiment is an example of evolution (gradual change). Use the space below:

14.) Complete b oxidation of a 10:1Δ⁷ fatty acid yields which of the following?

15.) Complete b oxidation of an 11:1Δ⁷ fatty acid yields which of the following in addition to propionyl-CoA (3:0)?

A) 4 acetyl CoA + 3 FADH₂ + 4 NADH + 4 H⁺           B) 4 acetyl CoA + 4 FADH₂ + 4 NADH + 4 H⁺

C) 5 acetyl CoA + 3 FADH₂ + 4 NADH + 4 H⁺           D) 5 acetyl CoA + 4 FADH₂ + 5 NADH + 5 H⁺          

E) 6 acetyl CoA + 5 FADH₂ + 6 NADH + 6 H⁺            F) 6 acetyl CoA + 5 FADH₂ + 5 NADH + 5 H⁺

G) 6 acetyl CoA + 4 FADH₂ + 5 NADH + 5 H

The following reaction is a part of the TCA cycle:

succinate + FAD ⇄ fumarate + FADH2

3) The E°’ for the reduction of FAD is -0.22 V and the E°’ for the reduction of fumarate is 0.03 V. Calculate ΔE°’ for the full reaction given above. Show your work. Be mindful of units. (1 pt)

4) Use your answer from part (3) to calculate ΔG°’ for the full forward reaction given above. Use F = 96,500 J V-1 mol-1. Show your work. Be mindful of units. (1 pt)

5) The ΔG°’ for the forward reaction is positive, and yet we know the TCA cycle is able to proceed in the cell. Is this a contradiction of thermodynamic principles? In two to three sentences, briefly explain your reasoning. (2 pts)

6) Let’s look at the same reaction, but under a new set of conditions that more closely match intracellular concentrations: [FADH2] / [FAD] = 10 [succinate] = 1.7 mM [fumarate] = 100 µM Derive an equation to calculate ΔE from ΔE°’, n, R, T, F, and the concentrations provided above. n = number of electrons Use R = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1, T = 298 K, and F = 96,500 J V-1 mol -1. Simplify the equation as much as you can before calculating ΔE. Show your work. Be mindful of units. Only round at the very end and write your answer out to four decimal places. (2 pts)

I just need help on parts 5 and 6 please explain

1. Describe the function of the FeS04 in the KIA medium.

2. How many days does it take to complete the gelatin hydrolysis test.

3. How many hours minimum must you incubate the gelatin hydrolysis test?

4. Lysine Decarboxyclase test: Give two ways to prevent the diffusion of oxygen into the medium in this test.

5. Describe the Kirby Bauer Method.

6. Why must the CAMP test be performed on a blood agar plate?

Describe briefly the evolution of Craniata and Vertebrata.

Shown below is a list of molecules that function in fruit fly development and a list of distribution patterns. Match the molecules to their normal distribution in fruit fly embryos.

(Put each letter to each Answer)

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is used to characterize the physical characteristics and expression levels of:

The end product of a multistep process that includes 1) digestion of genomic DNA by restriction enzymes, 2) ligation of this DNA into vectors, 3) transformation of bacteria with the recombinant DNA molecules, and 4) isolation of individual bacterial clones that carry this recombinant DNA.

Long stretches of uninterrupted codons in genomic DNA are known as:

Choices-

2'-OH group, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, deoxyribonucleotide, adenine, guanine, Chargaff's rules, Avery, McLeod, McCarty experiment, Hershey-Chase experiment, 5'-to-3', 3'-to-5', N-15, S-35, G-C complementarity, change in phenotype due to uptake of foreign DNA, 10, 32, 45 complete helical turns in a 600 bp DNA molecule ,

, 30 nm fiber, 300 nm fiber, euchromatin, heterochromatin ,

Describe one beneficial and one harmful way in which microorganisms interact with agricultural crops

All the living things in one area combined with the non-living parts of that environment is a/an:

Question 15 options:

Describe the evidence for descent with modification (evolution) that Darwin presented in his book “The Origin of Species” in 1859. How well was the book received by scientists and the general public?