1. What is the function of skeletal muscle?
2. Describe the major components of skeletal muscle cels:
3. How does skeletal muscle produce movement?
4. How do actin and myosin interact in a sarcomere to bring about muscle contraction? What roles do ATP and calcium play?
5. What is the functiion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cell contraction?
6. Explain why calcium ions and ACh are vitals for muscle contraction.
7. What is a motor unit? Why does a rapid series of muscle twitches yield a stronger overall contraction than a single twitch?
8. What are the structural and functional differences between slow and fast muscle?
9. The__________and__________systems work together to move the body and specific body parts.
10. The 3 types of muscle tissue are:
11. Muscle fibers shorten when__________slides over__________
a. myosin, actin b. actin, myosin c. myoglobin, actin d. myosin, sarcomeres
12. The__________is the basic unit of muscle contraction.
a. myofibril b. sarcomere c. muscle fiber d. myosin filament
13. Skeletal muscle contraction requires__________
a. calcium ions b. ATP c. arrival of a nerve impulse d. all of the above
14. Nerve impulses first stimulate a skeletal muscle fiber at___________
a. T tubules b. sarcomeres c. neuromuscular junctions d. actin binding sites
15. Mention the muscles located in:
In: Biology
BIO 474 Mid Term Review
1) Describe attributes of the active transport of ions and, specifically, characteristics of the electrogenic Na - K pump. How does active transport maintain homeostasis?
2) Describe the ionic basis of the resting potential and briefly outline the derivation of the Nernst potential. What are typical Nernst potentials for K+, Na+, Cl-, and Ca++? What influences might these potentials have on ionic currents in neurons?
3) Describe the voltage-clamp, how it is used to investigate voltage-dependent phenomena like the action potential. What are the membrane mechanisms (citing evidence) underlying the various "magical" properties fo the action potential?
4) Describe the unitary signal-channel events that can be recorded with patch-clamp electrodes. Name techniques for recording currents from single ion channels? How are those events related to membrane proteins (e.g. associated with the action potential) and to the large net currents recorded in standard voltage - clamp records?
5) Describe the evidence for quantal release of neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction, including those involving calculations of number molecules released.
6) Describe the following synaptic phenomena: adaptation, desensitization, facilitation, Post-tetanic potentiation, Neuromodulation. Describe the following modes of neural integration: spatial and temporal summation, convergence/divergence, feedback inhibition and excitation, reciprocal inhibition, and serial/parallel processing.
7) Draw and describe a cellular model for associative learning in some molecular detail. List 6 ways neurons can change PRE - synaptic and/or Post - synaptic actions/responses.
In: Biology
Which forces acting on locomotion are most important for movement on land, in water, and in air? What adaptations in form provide for more efficient movement (function) through different media (e.g. air, water)
In: Biology
Explain the concept of chemolithotrophy. How do cells derive energy? How do cells derive cellular carbon? Where do the electrons come from? Please provide an example(including microbe Genus species name). (please list references used)
In: Biology
List and discuss the metabolic diversity of microorganisms. Ex: Chemoheterotrophs (USLO 3.1)
List and describe organic molecules important in metabolism. (USLO 3.2)
In: Biology
5. Draw a cell with three chromosomes as it moves through mitosis and cytokinesis.
6. Draw a cell with three chromosomes as it move through meiosis and cytokinesis.
7. Why are some cancers heritable and some are not? What is an example of a type of cancer that might be inherited and an example of one that is not?
8. Describe how chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy are used to treat cancer. Describe how cancer cells look and act different than normal cells
9. Describe at least 3 different ways that meiosis and sexual reproduction increases genetic variability in offspring. What advantage does that give sexually reproducing organisms over asexually reproducing organisms? When is asexual reproduction an advantage over sexual reproduction?
10. Explain why there are many more males who are color blind than females. Draw a pedigree to help explain how colorblindness is inherited.
11. Choose a genetic disease/disorder and explain its symptoms and its pattern of inheritance.
10. Describe how an adaptation can become common in a population over time. What conditions must be necessary in order for that to happen? What is the mechanism for that to happen?
11. Describe the similarities and differences between artificial selection and natural selection. Give 2 examples of each.
In: Biology
Compare the parts of the cells to different parts of a college campus.
In: Biology
77) Pain experienced by Dr. Sumida due to an impacted wisdom tooth on the left side of the dentary bone is transmitted via a nerve that enters the lower jaw through the:
mental foramen |
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superior alveolar foramen |
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dental foramen |
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mandibular foramen |
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Sumida foramen |
76) Which of the following muscles is NOT a muscle of the mandibular arch, innervated by a branch of the trigeminal nerve (V)?
mylohyoid |
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masseter |
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tensor tympani |
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digastric, posterior belly |
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temporalis |
75) In an archaeological cranium, you notice that the internal acoustic meatus of the left petrous temporal bone is almost completely occluded (If you don't know what "occluded" means, you will have to look it up. ) by extra bone growth. The other cranial foramina appear normal. From this you deduce that the individual in question in life may have:
A. |
suffered paralysis of the left side masticatory muscles. |
|
B. |
suffered paralysis of left side muscles of facial expression. |
|
C. |
suffered partial or complete deafness in the left ear. |
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D. |
B & C |
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E. |
All of the above. |
73) Which of the bones listed below is derived from components of the dermatocranium, splanchnocranium, and chondrocranium?
occipital |
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maxillary |
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ethmoid |
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temporal |
||
frontal |
In: Biology
Why is it important to distinguish adaptations from exaptations?
Please provide evidence.
In: Biology
1) Please define the term closed circulatory system. Which animals have it, and what are its’ evolutionary advantages over open systems (why might a closed system be more efficient)?
(10 points)
2) Describe all the events (steps) that occur during a cardiac cycle for mammals (organisms with a
double circulation), as well as the opening and
closing of all heart valves, and the signals arising from the SA and AV nodes. How does this cycle contribute to metabolic homeostasis for our cells, and what is the purpose of the valves?
3) Using information discussed during our lectures thus far, propose 2 physical ways that a human may develop hypertension
(abnormally elevated blood pressure). [One of these mechanisms should
stem from the blood vessels, and the other at the level of the nervous system]. What are the long-
term consequences of elevated hypertension?
In: Biology
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In: Biology
In: Biology
3` - T A T A G A G C A A T T G C T A C G T G T A T C C C G A G A C T C C G T A A – 5`
5` - A T A T C T C G T T A A C G A T G C A C A T A G G G C T C T G A G G C A T T – 3`
In: Biology
Imagine that you are observing an enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the laboratory. The reaction is progressing as expected. As you periodically add more enzyme, the reaction increases proportionally until suddenly it stops increasing. At this point, no matter how much more enzyme that you add, the reaction rate does not change. Assuming no other chemicals have been added or changed, explain why the reaction rate has leveled off.
In: Biology
DNA polymerases I, III, and delta have important roles in replication. Which of these proteins have similar functions? Describe those similar functions that they share. Which one performs a different function and what is that function?
In: Biology