Immunology

How does Indo1 allow measurement of signaling in real time? What is store operated calcium entry and how is it regulated?

If the EF-hand domain was mutated so it behaved like it was always bound to calcium how would this impact signaling?

Give 2 examples of inhibitory receptors that regulate T cell function How does CTLA4 reduce signaling in T cells?

Describe 3 ways that Fas/FasL interactions regulate T cell mediated immune responses

Immunology

Describe the two signals needed to activate B and T cells Describe the structure of a lymph node and relate this structure to the function of the lymph node in concentrating antigen and initiating an immune response.

Explain how an ELISA is used to quantify antibody concentrations and measure an immune response.

Understand how to interpret FACS data including side vs forward scatter, MFI values and multicolor staining profiles Distinguish between how B and T cells recognize antigens.

Describe the 4 mechanisms which contribute to B cell receptor diversity Detail the molecular regulation of VDJ recombination

Describe the formation of SMACs and their role in T cell activation What are ITAMs and what role do they play in the initiation of B and T cell recepetor signaling?

Immunology

Describe 2 ways that ubiquitinylation regulates signaling either positively or negatively.

What is the role of guanine nucleotide exchange factors in initiating signaling and what kind of signaling pathway do they initiate?

What is the target of LCK on the CD3 molecule and how does that influence the initiation of signaling when the TCR binds antigen?

Distinguish the roles of SH3 ligands and CD45 in the regulation of SRC family kinases

Explain how PLCgamma is activated and what the outcome of that activation produces.

What three transcription factors enter the nucleus when sufficient TCR signaling occurs and how does that lead to clonal expansion of antigen specific T cells?

1. Instead of following the incubation directions listed in your lab protocol, imagine that you set up your plates and then left them incubating for over a week before you looked again at them.  What problems could this cause for your MSA plates?  How about for your EMB and MacConkey plates?

Alcohol Consumption

Summarize the risks of alcohol abuse.

Question 1:

What are the risk's for each of the following when consuming alcohol?

Coronary Heart Disease, Hypertension & Stroke, Muscle, Sexual Functioning, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, and Immune system?

Please answer the question with each of them, and explain. Thank you very much.

how is the coloration of skin color an "evolutionary balancing act."

For each of the following answer choices explain why the specific choice is incorrect or correct. Give a detailed explanation with relevant outside information for your justification of a choice of falsification. Each falsification or justification should be no less than a paragraph each.

The energy released during oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is high and can produce many molecules of NADH. Why then are only few molecules of NADH made during glycolysis when it appears that many more could be formed?

A. Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of ATP in glycolysis.

B. Glycolysis is a very inefficient reaction, with much of the energy of glucose released as heat.

C. Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis.

D. There is no CO2 or water produced as products of glycolysis.

Which of the following is a chromosome variation important for the evolution of new genes?

                        allopolyploidy

                        chromosome inversion

                        Robertsonian translocations

                        aneuploidy

                        chromosome duplications

• Understand the Trp and Lac operons

Write a cell balance for a batch bioreactor where microbes are being cultivated. Assuming a constant specific growth rate for cells, derive an equation for time required in the batch bioreactor for the cells to reach as a concentration of X. Assume an initial cell inoculum concentration of X0.

Write a 700-800 word APA format essay explaining the human blood type inheritance. please answer MIN 750 words and cite APA format

Many human disorders are caused by defects in genes; some doctors argue that we can transfer genes in order to correct this; some say that the transfer can cause uncontrolled outcomes causing more harm. What do you think and why?

Please answer #14-19, explain and clearly indicate which # you are answering. Thank you so much!

Q14-19 We crossed pure-bred female flies with yellow body and forked-shaped bristles with male flies extra bristles. The subsequent F1 flies showed all normal phenotypes except that all of the F1 males are yellow-body. We crossed again the normal F1 females with males homozygous for yellow body, extra bristles, and forked bristles as a testcross. The number of each category of F2 progeny is shown below. The mutant allele for yellow body is y; the mutant allele for extra bristles is e; and the mutant allele for forked-shaped bristles is f. The corresponding wild-type alleles for these mutant alleles are indicated with +.

P:         female with yellow body and forked bristles    x    male with extra bristles

F1:       normal female           x         male with yellow body, forked and extra bristles

Summary of F2 progeny

14. Which pair of genes is NOT independently assorted?

A. y and e

B. y and f

C. e and f

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

15. If there is no crossing-over, which categories would NOT be represented?

A. Cat 1 and 2

B. Cat 3 and 4

C. Cat 2 and 3

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

16. Which is the correct genotype for the female F1 based on the final mapping results?

A. [y/y+, e/e+, f/f+]

B. [y/y+, e, f/e+,f+]

C. [y/y+, e, f+/e+,f]

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

17. Which wild-type allele y+ was originated from the males of the P stage?

A. y+ allele in the males of Cat 3

B. y+ allele in the males of Cat 4

C. y+ allele in the males of Cat 5

D. y+ allele in the males of Cat 7

E. all of the above

18. Which is incorrect regarding the female F1?

A. This female is heterozygous for the three loci.

B. This female inherited the wild-type allele e+ from the female of the P stage

C. This female inherited the mutant allele e from the male of the P1 stage

D. This female inherited the wild-type allele f+ from the male of the P1 stage

E. This female inherited the mutant allele y from the male of the P1 stage

19. The passage describing the breeding results has not specified the sexes of F2. If we recalculate the observed number of each category based on the sex of individual F2 flies, the overall ratio among the 8 categories ________ be affected by the sex, because we have setup the testcross of female F1 with the male with the recessive ________ allele that is X-linked.

A. would, y

B. would not, y

C. would, e

D. would not, e

E. would , f