During the mismatch repair of DNA, the repair enzyme

1. will remove several nucleotides on both DNA strands.

2. will remove several nucleotides on one DNA strand.

3. will remove only the mismatched nucleotide.

4. will remove the mismatched nucleotide, and the same enzyme will replace it with the correct nucleotide.

5. is unable to detect mutations.

(unicellular vs metazoan), use no more than a few short sentences to speculate why one organism might encode the protein (or a similar family member to that identified in question 1) and another may not.

Your reasoning should include reference to the type of protein and how it works in general terms.

3. Identify the topological similarities and differences among the trees. I.e., what relationships are shared across the different phylogenies, and what relationships are different

4. Why do you think all methods did not result in the same tree topology (your answer can be general and does not need to include technical details).

5. Compare your phylogenies to the published phylogeny in Perelman et al. (2011), focusing just on the “Hominidae” clade. Do any of your topologies match their topology? If not, why do you think that might be? Hint: compare the number of species in your phylogeny compared to theirs & compare the number of genes analyzed in their study compared to yours.

1- Briefly define the following types of primate behavior and give an example of each as

discussed in class, in your textbook, and/or as seen in observations in films: dominance,

aggression, affiliative, tool use, and communication.

2- Discuss the structural as well as behavioral changes that are the result of bipedalism.

3- Is it possible to use bone trauma to help solve a forensic case?

Please answer All of them. Thank you!

1. Write an essay on the topics below:

1. Control of gene expression in bacteria.
2. Role of control of gene expression in cell differentiation. Give few examples .
3. Comparatively, the control of gene expressions in eukaryotes are more complicated than in prokaryotes. Explain.

LAC operon undergoes both negative and positive control of transcription initiation. Look over the structure of the Lac operon and its regulatory gene (LAC I).

a. Describe the negative control of this inducible operon. How does it prevent transcription initiation?

b. Describe the positive control of LAC operon. Include in your discussion, the CAP protein, adenlyl cyclase, and cAMP protein. How does it increase transcription to a higher rate?

c. In presence of glucose, inducer exclusion (keeping lactose out of the cell) is an important means of controlling transcription of the LAC operon. Phosphotranferase systems (PTS) of transporting sugars are essential to keeping the lactose transporter inactive until glucose is no longer available in the medium. Describe how the PTS is involved in both activating the lactose transporter and adenylyl cyclase in the absence of glucose?

1a) Briefly describe what happens during the three steps of DNA synthesis in E. coli. Remember to list what enzymes/proteins are needed and what their function is. How is the lagging strand different? What direction does synthesis proceed in? 15 points.

2b) The t_RNA with the incoming amino acid binds at the _____ site, and translocation occurs with the peptidyl t_RNA moving to the ____ site.

What are some adaptive traits of mushrooms

1. Which of the following best describes the recommendations for calories and micronutrients during pregnancy?

   		More micronutrients are needed, but extra calories are not.
   		All foods are recommended because the need for more calories far surpasses the need for micronutrients.
   		The increased need for calories and micronutrients is equal.
   		Nutrient-dense foods are needed because the need for micronutrients increases more than the need for calories.

2 points   

QUESTION 2

1. Are all pregnant women expected to gain weight?

   		Yes, all pregnant women are likely to gain weight typically 25-35 pounds regardless of the woman’s pre-pregnancy BMI and age.
   		No, women who are overweight or obese should not gain weight.
   		No, generally women should not gain weight.
   		Yes, all pregnant women are likely to gain weight but the amount of weight gain varies with pre-pregnancy BMI.

2 points   

QUESTION 3

1. The most common type of anemia in young children is due to…

   		too little protein in the diet
   		a lack of iron from the diet
   		genetics
   		significant blood loss

2 points   

QUESTION 4

1. What happens when a pregnant woman consumes alcohol?

   		The alcohol enters the developing fetus but it is rare that the alcohol affects its development.
   		The alcohol only enters the developing fetus if the mother consumes too much.
   		The alcohol enters the developing fetus through the umbilical cord and can cause fetal damage.
   		The alcohol from even a small amount will result in developmental damage.

Domestication of plants and animals led to stable food supplies during the Holocene; however, it also resulted in significant environmental and health problems. What were these problems? (300 words minimum).

1. Population size will always decrease if…

a. rmax = 0.5

b. N > K

c. there is exponential growth

d. N = 1000

e. The growth model is density-dependent

2. Which of the following describes K-selected populations?

a. Density-dependent, low competition for resources, little parental care, lots of large offspring

b. Density-independent, highly likelihood of surviving to reproduce again, little parental care, unstable environment

c. Density-dependent, many offspring, high competition for resources, small offspring

d. Density-dependent, high likelihood of surviving to reproduce again, high survival offspring, “lots” of parental care

e. Density-independent, high competition for resources, little parental care, large offspring

3. Realized niche is necessarily_________________ than a fundamental niche.

a. Larger than

b. The same size as

c. Larger than or the same size as

d. Smaller than

e. Smaller than or the same size as

4. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) is related to succession which of the following ways?

a. Intermediate levels of disturbance act to disrupt the succession process and allow early succession species to reestablish.

b. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis does not relate to succession.

c. Communities at later successional stages will be more diverse according the IDH.

d. Intermediate levels of disturbance will favor K-selected species.

e. Low levels of disturbance increase diversity by adding r-selected species to habitats according to the IDH.

5. An island that is close to the mainland has higher diversity than an island far from the mainland because

a. The immigration rate is lower and the extinction rate is higher on the close island

b. The immigration rate is higher and the extinction rate is lower on the close island

c. The immigration rate and extinction rate are both higher on the close island

d. The extinction rate and immigration rate are both lower on the close island

e. Islands closer to the mainland have lower diversity

Labradors come in three colors-- black, brown and yellow. What is the genetic basis for these different coat colors? One gene produces melanin, a pigment which is deposited in the dog's fur and makes the color dark. With this gene, allele B (black) is dominant to allele b. Only in the case of a recessive homozygote (bb) will the dog's phenotype be brown. The regulatory gene is separate from the melanin gene but it acts as a switch, either turning the melanin gene on or turning it off. Allele E is dominant and allows for the melanin to be deposited in the dog's fur ("on" switch), but if the switch gene is a recessive homozygote, the melanin is blocked ("off" switch) and a yellow dog is the result!

Review the information on Labrador retrievers above. What are the phenotypic ratios of the F1 generation offspring of two dihybrids? Make sure to match the numbers with coat colors (e.g, which number in the ration goes with which color). Use a Punnett square to determine the ratios and show your work. Make sure to state the phenotypic ratios. Finally, what color are the parents?

Why is diarrhoea an adverse effect of some medications?