1. Describe how the rough endoplasmic reticulum is different from smooth endoplasmic reticulum.Structurally or Functionally

16. Why does FADH2 provide energy for 1.5 ATP molecules in the ETC, whereas NADH provides energy for 2.5 ATP molecules? ( Show calculations. )






17. How does each of the following regulate the CAC:

       a/ high levels of NADH
     
      
       b/ high levels of ATP
     
      
       c/ high levels of ADP

      
       d/ low levels of NADH




18. Where is ATP synthase for oxidative phosphorylation located in the cell?




19. Why do H+ leave the intermembrane space and return to the matrix of the mitochondrion?





20. Why do the enzyme complexes that pump H+ extend across the mitochondrial membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space?

Stubble bristles (Sb) is dominant to wildtype bristles (Sb⁺) in Drosophila melanogaster. In a population where there are 137 flies with wildtype bristles and 836 flies with stubble bristles, what are the allele frequencies for the Sb and Sb⁺ alleles (assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium)? Please calculated your answers to 3 decimal places.

f(Sb)=

f(Sb⁺)=

If the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what proportion of the population would you expect to be heterozygous?

Discuss the Ardipithecus ramidus fossil and its implications for understanding human evolution in 300 words

Using affinity chromatography, you have attempted to purify an enzyme as a fusion protein that was expressed in E. coli. SDS-PAGE analysis shows that the eluted sample contains the enzyme and it appears to be very pure.

Briefly describe, in general terms, a method you could use to determine the concentration of the enzyme in the eluted sample. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of your approach.

Which of the following products of the light dependent reactions is NOT used by the light independent (dark) reactions (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis?

Cancer is considered by many a primarily genetic disease. However,what role does a lifestyle choice, such as smoking or a high cholesterol diet, play in the development of cancer? (CLO 4) Support your post through proper citations.

Functions of Signal Transduction (select any/all that apply):

1. a second messenger

2. Cell-cell communication

3. Cell’s response to environment

4. Intracellular homeostatsis- internal communication

1)Draw a chromosome and indicate where urban centers,deserts,genes,promoters and terminators would be located.
2)Name the two major molecules that are found in a chromosome
3)Describe how DNA is packed into a chromosome using the following terms:
a)DNA double helix
b)Histones
c)Nucleosomes

3)Define and contrast chromosomes and gene;
4)State the function of a gene.
5)Describe how Gene's are distributed along a chromosome (urban centers and deserts), and which base pairs tend to be most prevalent in coding and non-coding regions.

1. What lines of reasoning support the hypothesis that the first self-replicating systems were based on RNA molecules?
2. Why is the origin of cyanobacteria a critical step in evolution?
3. What evidence supports the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living members of the domain bacteria?

4. What evidence supports the classification of life into three domains?

5. Compare and contrast the physical and chemical conditions on Earth at the time life first arose with conditions today.
   a) Discuss two reasons why animals could not have existed on early Earth.
   b) In what ways has microbial metabolism altered Earth’s biosphere?
   c) How might life on Earth be different if oxygenic photosynthesis had not evolved?

Spiders have what kind of circulation?

A. Closed circulation with blood vessels

B. Intermediate circulation with some vessels and some areas where the fluid moves directly around tissues

C. Open circulation with fluid bathing all organs and tissues

D. None of the above

Consider 2 alleles in a population of seahorses: A and a. There are 2 sea horses with genotype AA, 96 seahorses with genotype Aa and 2 seahorses with genotype aa. What are the frequencies of the alleles in this population. Please show all work. Is this population in the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium? Explain why or why not. THANKS IN ADVANCE!! :)

You are doing rotation in hospital's clinical laboratory. A sample of cloudy cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from suspected meningitis case arrives and you are told to gram stain it and then plate it on blood agar and chocolate agar. In gram stain you find gram negative bacilli of varying size and shape. You also find lot of bacteria inside phagocytic cells. They are not diplococci.

Later charge nurse tell you the patient, a 3 year old girl, has not received any childhood vaccinations.

1. what is most likely causative agent .How do you know?

2.Explain your results on blood and chocolate agar.

3. Why is the fact that agent is not diplococci significant.

4. Give background info on the causative agent. Also explain what is causing the cloudiness in the CSF fluid.

5. Is this type of infection most often accompanied by increased PMNs, or increased lymphocytes. Explain.

6. Give detailed info about your choice organism: microbial characteristic, nutritional requirements, and growth characteristics(i.e facultative anaerobe, acidophile, capsule forming, lophotrichous flagella..)

In chickens, comp shape is determined by alleles at two loci (R, r and P, p). A walnut comb is produced when at least one dominant allele R is present at one locus, at least one dominant P allele is present at the second locus (i.e. genotype R_P_). A rose comb is produced when at least one dominant allele is present at the first locus and two recessive alleles are present at the second locus (genotype R_pp). A pea comb is produced when two recessive alleles are present at the first locus, and at least one dominant allele is present at the second (genotype rr P_). If two recessive alleles are present at the first and the second locus (rrpp), a single comb is produced. Progeny with what types of combs and in what proportions will result from the following crosses?

a. RR PP x rr pp

b. Rr Pp x rr pp

c. Rr Pp x Rr Pp

d. Rr pp x Rr pp

e. Rr pp x rr Pp

f. Rr pp x rr pp

please show step by step

Bean beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus) are agricultural pest insects of Africa and Asia. Females lay their eggs on the surface of beans (Family Fabaceae). Eggs are deposited singly and several days after deposition, a beetle larva (maggot) burrows into the bean. At 30°C, pupation and emergence of an adult beetle occurs 21–30 days after an egg was deposited. Adults are mature 24–36 hours after emergence and they do not need to feed. Adults may live for 1–2 weeks, during which time mating and oviposition (laying of eggs) occurs. Since larvae cannot move from the bean on which an egg was deposited, the oviposition choice of a female determines the future food resources available to their offspring. As a result, it is the most critical choice a female makes for her offspring, because it will influence their growth, survival, and future reproduction. Although females can be induced to lay eggs on a wide range of bean species, very few bean species result in normal development and the successful emergence of adults.

1. What is the test organism/experimental unit/subject in this experiment?

2. What is/are the dependant variable(s) in this experiment?

3. For a chi-square analysis how many degrees of freedom are present in this study?