1. What does the iris and the ciliary body have in common?

2. What is the function of the tapetum lucidum, and what does the vertebrates who possess them typically have in common?

Treatment of a polypeptide with Tris-(2-carboxyethyl)-phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP) yields two peptides:

1. I-Q-K-H-C-R-C-A-K-M-V-S

2. F-C-R-L-K-D-C-K-N-D

Treatment of the intact polypeptide with Trypsin yields fragments with the following amino acid composition:
(Ser, Met, Val) (Lys, Gln, Ile) (Phe, Ala, Cys2, Arg, Lys) (Asp, Asn) (Leu, Lys)
(Lys, His, Asp, Cys2, Arg)

a) The intact (untouched) polypeptide is labeled with 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) labeling, followed by acid hydrolysis. What will be observed?

b) Name and briefly describe a method which may determine if the intact polypeptide was a monomer or a dimer

2. What is the evolutionary purpose of the intraspecies communication used by the acacia trees? Describe a hypothetical scenario in which this adaptation may have evolved. Type the answer please

Micro in the Clinic -- An Uninvited Dinner Guest?

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Marcella is a 43-year-old woman who has been working hard toward getting healthy and fit. Over the last year, she has been eating more fresh fruits and vegetables and has been working out regularly six days a week. She has also been working out regularly six days a week. She has also committed herself to buying her fruits and vegetables from her local farmer's market. While she likes the fresh produce at the market, her favorite stall is Johnson's Dairy, a local farm that sells raw milk and cheeses. Marcella is having her friend Sarah over for dinner, so she decides to splurge and buy a variety of cheeses for appetizers.

Marcella and Sarah have a great dinner--cheese and cured meat appetizer, grilled fresh fish, vegetables, salad and a peach cobbler for dessert. They decide to get together again in a couple of days to go for a long bike ride.

The morning of the bike ride, Marcella wakes up with a low fever and abdominal cramps. She's really looking forward to the bike ride, but when she starts having diarrhea, she calls Sarah and cancels. Marcella feels pretty awful for the rest of the day--the cramping and diarrhea continue. That evening, Sarah calls Marcella and tells her that she has started having cramps and diarrhea as well. They decide that it must have ben something they ate at dinner earlier in the week. Both decide that it will probably "run its course" and they they'll be fine the next day.

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Rather than feeling fine the next morning, Marcella feels far worse. She also notices blood in her diarrhea; this scares her, so she makes an appointment to see her doctor as soon as possible.

Dr. Walker examines Marcella and collects a stool (feces) sample. She tells Marcella that, based on her symptoms, it's likely that Marcella had food poisoning. They will know for certain after the lab analysis of the stool, but for now the doctor prescribes azithromycin, fluids and rest. Dr. Walker asks Marcella to try to remember all the food she consumed in the last few days and where she got the food; it's possible that Marcella and Sarah aren't the only ones affected, and public health authorities may need to investigate.

A few days later, Marcella is feeling much better. Dr. Walker calls and tells Marcella that Campylobacter jejuni was identified in her stool sample and that she suspects the raw cheese was the cause of infection. Public health officials contact Johnson Dairy and learn that a number of customers have reported getting sick within the last week after drinking milk or eating their cheese. The health department requests that Johnson Dairy cease selling their products until the source of the contamination can be determined.

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1. Why do you think Dr. Walker suspected the milk as the source of infection?

2. Imagine that you are working for Johnson Dairy. Describe three practices (during or after production) that would help limit the chance of contamination in their milk?

What types of proteins are writers of the histone code and what is their general function?

Options are in parenthesis:

In (primary or secondary) active transport, one species of solute moves (with or against) its electrochemical gradient, allowing a different species to move (with or against) its own electrochemical gradient. This movement is in contrast to (primary or secondary) active transport, in which all solutes are moved (with or against) their concentration gradients, fueled by ATP.

If another man who can roll his tongue marries a woman who cannot and they have ten children all of whom can roll their tongues, what is his probable genotype? What is the genotype of the children? The phenotype? Can you be sure of the man's genotype--why or why not?

1.In order for the electron transport chain and ATP synthase to function, the inner membrane of the mitochondrion has to be impermeable to most solutes, especially ions. Why?

2.Would you expect a competitive or a noncompetitive inhibitor to be more similar to the natural substrate of an enzyme? Why?

Which of the following scenarios represents an example of sympatric speciation?

A. Two populations of fish separated into species when a dam was built and their lake was divided in half.

B. Two species of fly breed at different times of year because they feed on different plant species in the same habitat.

C. Two bird populations are separated by the Rocky Mountains and are therefore unable to interbreed.

D. As continents drifted apart, populations of pterodactyls were eventually unable to fly far enough to interbreed.

QUESTION 37

1. The dynamic instability of microtubules ____________________.

   a		reflects a balance between the rate of GTP hydrolysis by tubulin dimers and the addition of new GTP-bound dimers at the plus end
   b		reflects a balance between the rates of GTP-bound tubulin dimer addition at the plus and and proteolytic degradation of the microtubule
   c		reflects a balance between the rates of GDP-bound tubulin dissociation at the plus and addition of GTP-bound dimers at the minus end
   d		reflects a balance between the rates of GTP-bound tubulin dimer addition at the plus end and GDP-bound dimer loss at the minus end

QUESTION 38

1. Depolarization of a skeletal muscle cell plasma membrane begins ____________________.

   	a	when potassium (K+) exit through leak channels triggers opening of voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels
   	b	when calmodulin binding triggers the opening of ligand-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels
   	c	when acetylcholine binding triggers the opening of ligand-gated sodium (Na+) channels
   	d	when acetylcholine binding triggers the opening of T tubule calcium (Ca2+) release channels

QUESTION 39

1. Match each type of intermediate filament with the correct description.

   -       A.       B.       C.       D.    Nuclear lamins       -       A.       B.       C.       D.    Keratin filaments       -       A.       B.       C.       D.    Neurofilaments       -       A.       B.       C.       D.    Vimentin and vimentin-related filaments

   A. Assembly and disassembly is regulated by phosphorylation B. Found in connective tissue cells and glial cells C. Most diverse class of intermediate filament D. Found only in nerve cells

streptococcus lacks an electronic transport chain. how does this bacteria reside NADH. where is the NADH formed in bacteria

1a. You are researching a gene involved in the process of glycolysis. Which of the following would you expect to see in terms of regulation of this gene?  Select all that apply.

1b.

If you are genetically engineering a protein that you want to accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum of a eukaryotic cell, what is the best answer for what you should do?

1c. Which of the following can be considered final products of a gene? Select all that apply.

1d. Indicate at least two possible reasons that eukaryotes have introns, and what benefits they may provide

While feverishly studying for this test, you suddenly realized that it had been over 12 hours since you last ate. You then took a break, drove over to Waffle House (restuarant), and ate a huge breakfast. Please describe the following IN ORDER:

a) your blood glucose and hormonal status, both before and after your meal;

b) what metabolic processes were up-regulated before and after your meal;

c) what metabolic processes were down-regulated before and after you meal;

d) what specific enzymes were affected and in what direction in (b) and (c) above;

e) why your answers to (b) and (c) above make sense for you as a complex, multicellular, energy-conscious organism.