1. A pigment solution contains compound A with 4 polar groups and compound B with 2 polar groups. You plan to separate these compounds using paper chromatography with a nonpolar solvent. Predict the location of the two bands relative to the solvent front. Explain your answer.

2. Paper chromatography is used to separate pigments extracted in acetone from fresh spinach. Explain how differences in polarity are used to separate the pigments in this chromatography experiment.

RedOx reaction: In      Fe        +          3O₂      →        2Fe₂O₃ reaction, which one is oxidized and which one is reduced? What are the definition of oxidation and reduction?

Describe the Inflammatory Process. Focus on how it is beneficial to successfully fight off an infection.

1. Are recessive alleles harmful?

2. Are all traits represented by only one gene?

3. In any given population, can there be more than two alleles present?

1. What does the iris and the ciliary body have in common?

2. What is the function of the tapetum lucidum, and what does the vertebrates who possess them typically have in common?

Treatment of a polypeptide with Tris-(2-carboxyethyl)-phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP) yields two peptides:

1. I-Q-K-H-C-R-C-A-K-M-V-S

2. F-C-R-L-K-D-C-K-N-D

Treatment of the intact polypeptide with Trypsin yields fragments with the following amino acid composition:
(Ser, Met, Val) (Lys, Gln, Ile) (Phe, Ala, Cys2, Arg, Lys) (Asp, Asn) (Leu, Lys)
(Lys, His, Asp, Cys2, Arg)

a) The intact (untouched) polypeptide is labeled with 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) labeling, followed by acid hydrolysis. What will be observed?

b) Name and briefly describe a method which may determine if the intact polypeptide was a monomer or a dimer

2. What is the evolutionary purpose of the intraspecies communication used by the acacia trees? Describe a hypothetical scenario in which this adaptation may have evolved. Type the answer please

Micro in the Clinic -- An Uninvited Dinner Guest?

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Marcella is a 43-year-old woman who has been working hard toward getting healthy and fit. Over the last year, she has been eating more fresh fruits and vegetables and has been working out regularly six days a week. She has also been working out regularly six days a week. She has also committed herself to buying her fruits and vegetables from her local farmer's market. While she likes the fresh produce at the market, her favorite stall is Johnson's Dairy, a local farm that sells raw milk and cheeses. Marcella is having her friend Sarah over for dinner, so she decides to splurge and buy a variety of cheeses for appetizers.

Marcella and Sarah have a great dinner--cheese and cured meat appetizer, grilled fresh fish, vegetables, salad and a peach cobbler for dessert. They decide to get together again in a couple of days to go for a long bike ride.

The morning of the bike ride, Marcella wakes up with a low fever and abdominal cramps. She's really looking forward to the bike ride, but when she starts having diarrhea, she calls Sarah and cancels. Marcella feels pretty awful for the rest of the day--the cramping and diarrhea continue. That evening, Sarah calls Marcella and tells her that she has started having cramps and diarrhea as well. They decide that it must have ben something they ate at dinner earlier in the week. Both decide that it will probably "run its course" and they they'll be fine the next day.

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Rather than feeling fine the next morning, Marcella feels far worse. She also notices blood in her diarrhea; this scares her, so she makes an appointment to see her doctor as soon as possible.

Dr. Walker examines Marcella and collects a stool (feces) sample. She tells Marcella that, based on her symptoms, it's likely that Marcella had food poisoning. They will know for certain after the lab analysis of the stool, but for now the doctor prescribes azithromycin, fluids and rest. Dr. Walker asks Marcella to try to remember all the food she consumed in the last few days and where she got the food; it's possible that Marcella and Sarah aren't the only ones affected, and public health authorities may need to investigate.

A few days later, Marcella is feeling much better. Dr. Walker calls and tells Marcella that Campylobacter jejuni was identified in her stool sample and that she suspects the raw cheese was the cause of infection. Public health officials contact Johnson Dairy and learn that a number of customers have reported getting sick within the last week after drinking milk or eating their cheese. The health department requests that Johnson Dairy cease selling their products until the source of the contamination can be determined.

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1. Why do you think Dr. Walker suspected the milk as the source of infection?

2. Imagine that you are working for Johnson Dairy. Describe three practices (during or after production) that would help limit the chance of contamination in their milk?

What types of proteins are writers of the histone code and what is their general function?

Options are in parenthesis:

In (primary or secondary) active transport, one species of solute moves (with or against) its electrochemical gradient, allowing a different species to move (with or against) its own electrochemical gradient. This movement is in contrast to (primary or secondary) active transport, in which all solutes are moved (with or against) their concentration gradients, fueled by ATP.

If another man who can roll his tongue marries a woman who cannot and they have ten children all of whom can roll their tongues, what is his probable genotype? What is the genotype of the children? The phenotype? Can you be sure of the man's genotype--why or why not?

1.In order for the electron transport chain and ATP synthase to function, the inner membrane of the mitochondrion has to be impermeable to most solutes, especially ions. Why?

2.Would you expect a competitive or a noncompetitive inhibitor to be more similar to the natural substrate of an enzyme? Why?

Which of the following scenarios represents an example of sympatric speciation?

A. Two populations of fish separated into species when a dam was built and their lake was divided in half.

B. Two species of fly breed at different times of year because they feed on different plant species in the same habitat.

C. Two bird populations are separated by the Rocky Mountains and are therefore unable to interbreed.

D. As continents drifted apart, populations of pterodactyls were eventually unable to fly far enough to interbreed.