1. Metblastine, a drug that inhibits microtubule function, is used to treat some forms of cancer. Hypothesize what cellular processes would be affected in cancer cells that are given Metblastine.
2. A mutation in the occludin gene, a tight junction protein, results in severe impairment of intestinal function, resulting in malnutrition and immune disorders. Knowing what you do about the function of tight junctions from class, propose the likely cause of the above disorders (think leaky small intestines). How might the loss of tight junctions impact the selective permeability of the intestinal cells?
3. For a protein to be an integral membrane protein, it would have to be amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region. Explain how a protein such as an aquaporin would interact with the surrounding phospholipid bilayer and the surrounding aqueous environment.
4. Describe the mechanism by which glucose and sodium ions are co-transported from the digestive tract into the intestinal cells of an animal? Assume that the intestinal cells already have intracellular glucose.

A 10-year-old girl was brought to an outpatient clinic because she complained of sore throat and a lump in her neck. On examination, she was observed to have a tonsillar abscess, swollen glands, and widespread bruising in the extremities. She also had a low-grade fever. She was treated with antibiotics and released, but she failed to progress over the next 2 days. Hematology laboratory tests revealed a WBC of 8.0 x 10^9/L, a hematocrit of 28%, and a platelet count of 10 x 10^12/L peripheral blood differential count revealed 3 band neutrophils, 25 segmented neutrophils, 8 lymphocytes, 1 monocyte, and 63 blasts.

The patient’s parents were contacted, and the girl was immediately admitted to the hospital. A bone marrow examination was performed and revealed an infiltration of blast cells in the marrow.

Immunophenotyping was performed on the bone marrow cells. The results show the cells have CD 11b, CD 13, CD 33, and CD15 markers.

1. Why are the hematocrit and platelet count decreased?

2. What is immunophenotyping and why is it an important test?

3. What is the most likely diagnosis based on these test results?

4. How would the results differ in the immunophenotying of the cells had CD 10, CD 19, CD 20 and CD 22 markers?

We are now going to count the amount of ATPs that fat, sugar, and ethanol can produce per equivalent carbons. In this case, 12 carbons. We will compare sucrose, lauric acid, and six molecules of ethanol.Sucrose is cleaved to glucose and fructose by sucrase.How many ATP is produced from the COMPLETE oxidation of sucrose in the muscle. Assume 1NADH=3 ATP, 1FADH2=2ATP and 1 GTP= 1ATP

A leech would not have

• a notochord.

• segmentation.

• a ventral nerve cord.

• a coelom.

• mesoderm.

A long answer question will require one to three paragraphs

Describe and compare the phenomena of genes that follow polygenic inheritance, multiple alleles, codominance, and incomplete dominance?

• Explain why it is important to preserve genetic diversity as well as species diversity.

Explain why an antimicrobial substance would be more effective on bacteria and not on viruses?

1. if the nuclear envelope does not break down during a round of cell division it would prevent:

DNA synthesis

Migration of centrosomes to opposite poles

attachment to kinetochore microtubules to chromosome

a change in cylinder concentration during G1

all the above

1. During ______, Chromatids transition into chromosomes

cytokinesis

anaphase

5 phase

metaphase

A cell within a pea plant has 12 chromosomes at the end of mitotic division. How many chromosomes would there be if this cell enter G2 in a new round of the cell cycle

a. 6

b. 12

c. 24

d. 48

e. None of the above

Which of the following events occurs during interphase of the mitotic cell cycle?

a. duplication of centrosomes

b. a change in cell size

c. polymerization of microtubules associated with the mitotic spindle

d. breakdown of the nuclear envelope

e. there is more than one correct choice provided

Under normal conditions, somatic cells are always diploid and gametes are always haploid

True

False

Genetic change in bacteria can be brought about by conjugation
transduction.
vertical gene transfer.
All of the answers are correct.

1. Starting with the nucleus, name 4 parts of the endomembrane system and explain how they work together to produce a mature polypeptide.
2. Name and explain the 3 different ways proteins can be sorted.
3. Name and explain 3 functions of the plasma membrane.
4. Define the 3 different types of passive transport and be sure to tell me what direction molecules move in each (down or against the concentration gradient?)

5. Explain the two main distinguishing differences between passive transport and active transport (be specific about which process does what)?

A dominant gene, b+, is responsible for the wild-type body color of Drosophila. It’s recessive allele, b, produces black body color. A testcross of a wild-type female produced 52 black flies and 58 wild-type flies in the F1 generation.

a. What are the genotypes of the parents?

b. What are the genotypes of the F1 generation?

c. If the wild-type F1 females are crossed with their black F1 brothers, what genotypic and phenotypic ratios would be expected in their F2 offspring?  

What do we do with native species that are also invasive?

How can treatment with one antibiotic select for resistance to a different antibiotic and what is the clinical significance of this?

Explain why chemogenetic based methods of regulating cellular signaling result in poor temporal control of biochemical pathways relative to optogenetic based methods.

Part 1: evolutionary speaking with respect to life-history traits of longevity and reproductive, what do bats, seals, and tsetse flies have in common (what factors have favored the evolution of long life)?

part 2: what are 3 life-history traits of mayflies that are required for their very short adult lives?