About 3 million years ago, the Isthmus of Panama (a narrow strip of land connecting North and South America) formed, dividing marine organisms into Pacific and Caribbean populations. Researchers have examined species of snapping shrimp on both sides of the isthmus. Based on the morphological species concept, there appeared to be seven pairs of closely related species, with one species of each pair in the Pacific and the other in the Caribbean. The different species pairs live at different depths in the ocean. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences, the researchers estimated phylogenies and found that each of these species pairs (sister species), separated by the isthmus, were indeed each other's closest relatives. The researchers investigated mating in the lab and found that many species pairs were not very interested in courting with each other, and, any that did mate, almost never produced fertile offspring.

1. These species are distinctive species under all three species concepts.

a. Likely

b. Not Likely

2. Sympatric speciation caused the difference between the seven species on the Pacific side.

a. Likely

b. Not Likely

3. Sympatric speciation caused the differences between the sets of sister species on either side of the Isthmus.

a. Likely

b. Not likely

4. If sea levels rises enough to cover the isthmus, the sister species on either side of the isthmus will likely undergo fusion.

a. Likely

b. Not likely

5. Habitat isolation is the only reproductive isolating barrier preventing the formation of hybrid from the different sister species.

a. Likely

b. Not likely

6. If sea levels rise enough to cover the isthmus, the frequency of hybrid offspring would decrease.

a. Likely

b. Not likely

7. What other type of reproductive isolating barrier is creating the reinforcement of differences between the sister (closely related) shrimp species pairs?

a. Behavioral isolation

b. Gametic isolation

c. Temporal isolation

d. Reduced hybrid fertility

e. Both A and D

This applies to forensics/fingerprinting

1. For two prints to be made by the same source, the ridge characteristics must be present in both impressions and in the same RELATIVE area. Why relative and not exact?

How can we determine the accuracy of gene expression levels in different databases? How can these variations be minimized?

report on 5 different food additives that you research (be sure to include what information you used for your report.) Tell me things for example, what they come from, why they are used , contraindications, and what potential side effects they may have.

1. About how many species have been given scientific names to date?

a. 100,000

b. 500,000

c. 1 to 2 million

d. over 6 billion

2. Most species live in

a. the air surrounding the earth

b. the ocean

c. temperate zones

d. tropical regions

3. Which of the following statements is true of most ancient species? They

a. are still surviving today

b. are living in dormant states

c. died leaving behind fossils

d. became extinct without leaving fossils

4. “Naming, describing and classifying organisms into different categories based on their characteristics” is a definition of

a. taxonomy

b. natural selection

c. biology

d. morphology

5. Which of the following is the most specific level of classification?

a. Class

b. Genus

c. Order

d. Phylum

6. The great diversity of life was largely caused by

a. Spontaneous mutations

b. Natural selection

c. Taxonomic transformation

d. Genetic manipulation

7. The system of biological classification used today was created by

a. Aristotle

b. Carolus Linnaeus

c. Charles Darwin

d. Stephen Jay Gould

8. The organisms with the greatest number of species are

a. Insects

b. Rodents

c. Single celled bacteria

d. Vertebrates

9. Which of the following is the correct format for binomial nomenclature?

a. Homo Sapiens

b. Homo sapiens

c. Homo sapiens

d. homo sapiens

10. Which of the following is the broadest classification category of living things?

a. Family

b. Genus

c. Phylum

d. Species

11. A population of organisms that can reproduce fertile offspring is a

a. Family

b. Genus

c. Kingdom

d. Species

12. In which phylum do humans belong?

a. Chordates

b. Invertebrates

c. Primates

d. Prokaryotes

13. The use of two names as the scientific name for an organism is called

a. Binomial nomenclature

b. Biotaxonomy

c. Darwinian classification

d. Dewey system

14. The main purpose of using the Linnaean classification system is to be able to

a. Trace the evolution of different species

b. Count all living organisms past and present

c. Group organisms with others with similar characteristics

d. Organize organisms from most simple to most complex

15. The Linnaean classification system is most like

a. A library catalogue system

b. Google’s search engine

c. The index of a book

d. Telephone area codes

16. Which of the following is a characteristic shared by all living organisms? They

a. Reproduce sexually

b. Develop spores for protection

c. Begin life as a single cell

d. Maintain a constant body temperature

17. Which of the following differentiates living things from non-living things?

a. The presence of carbon

b. Chemical activity

c. Growth and development

d. Motility

Answer each of the following questions as true or false:

18. Living organisms regulate their use of energy.

19. All species in the animal kingdom obtain energy by ingesting other living things.

20. All mammals are primates.

21. The sum of all the energy used by living organisms is called anabolism.

22. Living things may remain dormant for many years.

23. Diversity is an important contributor to a sustainable ecosystem.

24. Most species have been identified and given a scientific name.

25. Homeostasis is dependent on positive feedback mechanisms.

Is each of the following mutations a transition, a transversion, an addition, or a deletion? The original DNA strand is 5′-GGACTAGATAC-3 ′ (Only the encoded DNA strand is shown.)

A. 5′-GAACTAGATAC-3 ′ B. 5′-GGACTAGAGAC-3 ′ C. 5′-GGACTAGTAC-3 ′ D. 5′-GGAGTAGATAC-3 ′

What modifications were made to adjust for life on land ? Briefly explain at least 3 modifications.

How can the action of regulatory transcription factors be modulated (there are three ways)?

In guinea pigs, black coat color is dominant over white, short hair is dominant over long, and rough coat is dominant over smooth. Show the Punnett Square for a cross between a homozygous black, short-haired, rough coat guinea pig and a homozygous white, long-haired, smooth coat guinea pig. What do the offspring look like?

just what am i supposed to do here?

Design Your Own Experiment: Musculoskeletal Fatigue Experiment

Inventory Material sFull Lab Kit Box Rubber Band Rubber Ball Labware*Stopwatch/Timer Note: You must provide the materials listed in *red. EXPERIMENT

3: DESIGN YOUR OWN EXPERIMENT: MUSCLE FATIGUE

Design an experiment to test temperature-independent musculoskeletal fatigue using any of the materials provided. IMPORTANT: Students must submit personally designed experimental procedures to a teacher for approval prior to performing the experiment. When designing your experiment, create a hypothesis, identify dependent and independent variables, identify controls, include calculations where useful, record appropriate data, and report important data in an organized manner. After completing your ex-periment, write a brief post-lab report in which you address your hypothesis, procedure, data, calculations, data analysis, potential sources of error, conclusion, and additional questions or “next-steps”.

How do protists reproduce sexually and asexually. What are the stages?

During in class we did a simulation of the effect of natural selection in a population. After eliminating the individuals that died of, because of predation or disease, we calculated the frequencies of p and q. Then the number of individuals was restored to the initial population number of 50. Why was this crucial in our simulation?

Describe the fundamental characteristics of structural materials produced by animals and how these materials meet their functional requirements for tetrapod locomotion on land. Include in your answer: a. the definitions of (1) stress, (2) strain, (3) stiffness, (4) plastic, (5) elastic and (6) strength while comparing spider silk protein and synthetically produced nylon and rayon b. physical principles of terrestrial locomotion and the advantages conferred by various adaptations of legs and arrangements of tendons and muscles c. the differences in locomotory patterns of the cat, horse, giraffe, and human and how architecture contributes to the “spring in your step”