Explain why chemogenetic based methods of regulating cellular signaling result in poor temporal control of biochemical pathways relative to optogenetic based methods.

Part 1: evolutionary speaking with respect to life-history traits of longevity and reproductive, what do bats, seals, and tsetse flies have in common (what factors have favored the evolution of long life)?

part 2: what are 3 life-history traits of mayflies that are required for their very short adult lives?

Question 1

How could you identify bacteria in a biofilm if it could not be cultured?

Question 2

How can bacteria produce or modify enzymes to control how much metabolic product is made?

What is the expected phenotypic ratio for a cross between two individuals that are heterozygous for a given trait? Use one of Mendel's pea plant traits as an example.

Please describe four essential components of TGFb signaling pathway in terms of gene name and function under normal and cancer conditions as a table summary

Regulation of gene expression occurs primarily at the level of transcription. What would be different if cells controlled gene expression primarily at the level of translation?

If an enhancer associated with a gene was deleted or mutated, what would be the effect on levels of gene expression?

Cells regulate gene expression at the level of translation by:

hat is the relationship between diabetes, glucose in food, saliva, microvilli, blood transport of glucose, beta cells of pancreas, diabetes- elevated blood glucose, glomerulus, glucose in urine? Major emphasis on RELATIONSHIP

A 6month infant has hepatosplenomegaly, failure to thrive, musclc weakncss, hypotonia, decreased deep tendon reflex. Lab result.normal blood glucose. Liver biopsy:(+) initial stage of cirrhosis due to accumulation of an abnormal glycogen that has few branchpoints. Clinical picture and labs are consistent with which type of glycogen storage discasc (GSD)? explain the reason also

. 6.What is agglutination?

7. What is agglutinogen?

8. What are the preformed antibodies in human blood?

9. Which antibody in the blood is formed after exposure to antigen?

10. What is its consequences?

1. Discuss the process of digestion of starch, beginning in the mouth and ending with uptake in to the muscle cell for ATP production, making sure to touch on major transporters, and enzyme and hormone actions each step. (12 sentences total)

During the mismatch repair of DNA, the repair enzyme

1. will remove several nucleotides on both DNA strands.

2. will remove several nucleotides on one DNA strand.

3. will remove only the mismatched nucleotide.

4. will remove the mismatched nucleotide, and the same enzyme will replace it with the correct nucleotide.

5. is unable to detect mutations.

(unicellular vs metazoan), use no more than a few short sentences to speculate why one organism might encode the protein (or a similar family member to that identified in question 1) and another may not.

Your reasoning should include reference to the type of protein and how it works in general terms.

3. Identify the topological similarities and differences among the trees. I.e., what relationships are shared across the different phylogenies, and what relationships are different

4. Why do you think all methods did not result in the same tree topology (your answer can be general and does not need to include technical details).

5. Compare your phylogenies to the published phylogeny in Perelman et al. (2011), focusing just on the “Hominidae” clade. Do any of your topologies match their topology? If not, why do you think that might be? Hint: compare the number of species in your phylogeny compared to theirs & compare the number of genes analyzed in their study compared to yours.