Questions
PLEASE ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN FULL DETAIL: 1. Is there likely to be a relationship between...

PLEASE ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN FULL DETAIL:

1. Is there likely to be a relationship between the level of interspecific variability within a population and extinction risk? If so, please describe the relationship.

2. List two (2) factors that might limit the progress of evolution within a population.

In: Biology

You are presented with 10 millileters of a proteins solution that is at a concentration of...

You are presented with 10 millileters of a proteins solution that is at a concentration of 100 millimolars. You dilute the solution by taking 1 microliter of the solution putting it in an empty test tube then add adding 99 ul of buffer for your experiment. What is your final concentration of the peptide solution that is in this test tube.

*The answer key says that the answer is 10^-3 M*

If this is the answer can you please show work. Thank you.

In: Biology

Describe the steps that one should follow when using a tissue processor when performing pre-embedding process...

Describe the steps that one should follow when using a tissue processor when performing pre-embedding process in histopathology.

In: Biology

1.Which one of the following steps in elongation is directly dependent on ATP or GTP hydrolysis?...

1.Which one of the following steps in elongation is directly dependent on ATP or GTP hydrolysis?

Peptide bond formation

Movement of the ribosome 3 bases toward the 3’ end of the mRNA

Loss of the sigma subunit

Binding of initiator tRNA to appropriate AUG codon

Translation termination

2.In prokaryotes, transcription and translation of a single gene can occur simultaneously. Which one of the following statements most accurately describes why this phenomenon is not observed in eukaryotes?

The machinery for eukaryotic transcription and translation are found in different compartments.
Eukaryotic genes are compacted into heterochromatin.
Eukaryotic mRNAs are monocistronic.
Eukaryotic mRNAs are degraded very rapidly.
Simultaneous transcription and translation does occur in eukaryotes.

In: Biology

Are enzyme labels used in qualitative testing, quantitative testing, or both? Name 3 benefits to using...

  1. Are enzyme labels used in qualitative testing, quantitative testing, or both?

  2. Name 3 benefits to using enzymes as labels for immunoassay.

  3. Give 3 examples of enzymes that are used as labels in colorimetric reactions.

In: Biology

Rofecoxib (VIOXX) is an antagonist of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are a group of lipids made at sites...

Rofecoxib (VIOXX) is an antagonist of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are a group of lipids made at sites of tissues (damaged or infected) that are involved in dealing with injury and illness (Yourhormones.info, 2020). This simply means that it eases pain by reducing fever, swelling, and tenderness. Rofecoxib is marketed by Merck under the brand name VIOXX. It is a white to off-white to light yellow powder. It is a nonsteriodial anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drug The drug was initially made and introduced by Merck to the pharmaceutical market, to treat pain associated with osteoarthritis. VIOXX indications and usages are:

Relief of signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis in adults.
For relief of the signs and symptoms of pauciarticular or polyarticular course Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA) in patients 2 years and older and who weigh 10 kg (22 lbs) or more.
For the management of acute pain in adults.
For the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea (painful mensural cramps).
For the acute treatment of migraine attacks with or without aura in adults.
Summary of VIOXX Package insert

The VIOXX package insert begins with the nomenclature of rofecoxib, with a chemical formula of C17H14O4S. VIOXX tablet sizes for oral administration ranges from 12.5mg, 25mg to 50mg. The drug is soluble in alcohol but insoluble in fatty alcohol such as octanol. However, food consumption had no significant effect on the saturation of VIOXX in plasma concentration.

Clinical studies of VIOXX on Osteoarthritis~ Demonstrated significant reduction in joint pain compared to placebo. Analgesic effects of a 50 mg does of VIOXX is similar in comparison to 550mg naproxen or 400mg ibuprofen. VIOXX was effective regardless of presence of aura, gender, race, age, presence of menses or dysmenorrhea. Although, patients with a mean age of 58 administering aspirin or anti platelet drugs, or a recent history of myocardial infarction (another term for heart attack) or stroke were excluded from the study.

A VIGOR study was conducted to evaluate the comparative Gastrointestinal (GI) safety of VIOXX 50mg once daily versus 500mg daily of naproxen. This study showed reduction in the risk development of PUBs-symptomatic ulcers, including PUBs in patients taking VIOXX compared to naproxen. Albeit, VIGOR study showed a higher incidence of adjudicated serious cardiovascular thrombotic events (formation or presence of blood clots) in patients treated with VIOXX 50mg once daily as compared ton patients treated with naproxen 500mg twice daily.

Contraindications

The safety and effectiveness of VIOXX has not been established for cluster headache. There is hypersensitivity of rofecoxib to patients or other components of VIOXX used. This drug cannot be given to patients who have asthma, Urticaria (Hives or allergic type reactions), or any type of NSAIDs prescribed apart from VIOXX. This shows that can be anaphylactic shock exacerbated from taking VIOXX.

Warnings

Usage of VIOXX can cause stomach bleeding, ulceration and perforation. Indigestion (Dyspepsia) can be caused when taking this medication. If a patient has prior history of ulcer or GI bleeding, caution needs to be taken. Rare cases of anaphylaxis and angioedema (painless swelling under the skin) have been reported with patients taking VIOXX. In late pregnancy VIOXX should be avoided.

Precautions

VIOXX cannot be substituted with corticosteroids or to treat corticosteroids (a class of steroid-hormones) insufficiency. Caution should be applied when patients have a history of ischemic (Clogging of arteries) heart disease. There is a risk for developing a cardiovascular thrombosis (Heart disease due to artery clogging) when treated with VIOXX is significantly higher. VIOXX has a lack of platelet effect. Fluid retention, edema and hypertension have been reported in some patients taking VIOXX. This is why it is necessary to find out if patient is taking aspirin.

In the Osteoarthritis (OA) studies performed regardless of causality, spontaneous adverse events in >0.1% to 1.9% of patients treated with VIOXX. Here is a list of cardiovascular system symptoms that occurred:- angina pectorals (Chest pain), atrial fibrillation (irregular fast heart beat), bradycardia, hematoma, irregular heartbeat, palpitation, premature ventricular contraction, tachycardia, venous insufficiency.

These adverse events of cardiovascular events were present but barely reported in patients taking VIOXX. Symptoms are as follow:

Cardiovascular: cerebrovascular accident, congestive heart failure, deep venous thrombosis, hypertensive crisis, myocardial infarction, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, transient ischemic attack, unstable angina.

The recommended dosage of VIOXX is 50 mg once a day, which is the most in quantity provided in oral administration for VIOXX. The information provided for heart attack and shock about this drug is moderate but scattered within the VIOXX package. For the trained intended reader the information is clearer, but if a patient that is not well informed on medical terminology reads the VIOXX package; then there could be important information about the dangers of using this drug. The cardiovascular, GI track, Renal and blood are all connected. If there is a blockage or obstruction in blood vessels there is a strong chance of a heart attack. For a marketing, team this drug's cure offerings could be considered miraculous. For medical personnel and or medical doctors, it is a nightmare waiting to happen on myocardial infarction street. if a patient takes VIOXX to deal with osteoarthritis pain, there are a lot of risks to consider over the reward of easing pain. The patient taking VIOXX risks a doubled chance of getting a heart attack and or death. During the VIGOR study patients were being treated with VIOXX, the numbers of participants reduced by 600 and there were many incomplete trials due to some sort of complication derivative of VIOXX infestation.

THIS IS FOR A DISCUSSION FORUM . PLEASE READ AND MAKE YOUR CONTRIBUTION BELOW

In: Biology

Describe the steps involved in the formation if endospores

Describe the steps involved in the formation if endospores

In: Biology

1. After exercising, respiratory rate______________(increase or decrease) and breathing holding time _______________(increase or decrease). Explain why....

1. After exercising, respiratory rate______________(increase or decrease) and breathing holding time _______________(increase or decrease). Explain why.
2. After rebreathing air, respiratory rate______________(increase or decrease) and breath holding time_____________(increase or decrease). Explain why.
3. After hyperventillation, respiratory rate_____________(increase or decrease) and breath holding time____________(increase or decrease). Explain why.

In: Biology

Mendelian Genetics Project: Add imaginary traits to your favorite species (eukaryote only) that are inherited by...

Mendelian Genetics Project: Add imaginary traits to your favorite species (eukaryote only) that are inherited by standard transmission (Mendelian) genetics.

Objectives: Inheritance of genetic information follows certain rules, as illustrated by the principles of alleles that exhibit dominance, recessiveness, incomplete dominance, and codominance. Traits with Mendelian inheritance are expressed in predictable ways and their inheritance can be expressed as probabilities using Punnett squares. To complete this project you are going to choose a favorite eukaryotic species (diploid) and create five imaginary traits that follow the postulates first described by Gregor Mendel.

While you are free to create whatever traits you like you should include five mechanisms of inheritance from the following list as follows: Two traits from the first mechanism, one sex linked trait, the remaining two traits one each of any of the four remaining choices.

            2 Traits defined by dominant and recessive alleles (you must have two of these)

            1 Sex linked trait

            1 Trait with complete dominance, the recessive allele is lethal

            1 Trait with incomplete dominance

            1 Trait with Codominance

            1 Trait with multiple alleles (more than two alleles)

In: Biology

How is a mollusc shell formed? Discuss the creation, formation, and lifetime of the shell. What...

How is a mollusc shell formed? Discuss the creation, formation, and lifetime of the shell. What environmental factors can affect shell growth, shape, longevity? What can molluscs do to combat these environmental pressures?

In: Biology

2. Describe how each of the below cell types contributes to the principle function of the...

2. Describe how each of the below cell types contributes to the principle function of the leaf (i.e. gas exchange and light absorption).

a. epidermal cells

b. guard cells

c. palisade mesophyll

d. spongy mesophyll

3. What are the functions of:

a. sepals?

b. petals?

c. stamens?

d. pistil?

e. vascular tissue (veins)

Pollination and seed dispersal

1. Give at least two examples of flower adaptations that ensure pollination.

a.

b.

2. Name three different examples of adaptations that ensure that seeds (fruit) are dispersed from the parent plant.

a.

b.

c.

3. Name a way that the parent plant helps the embryo once it has germinated. (Where do the nutrients come from that the embryo uses until it starts photosynthesizing?)

In: Biology

EVERY species of green plant undergoes alternation of generations. In land plants, the generations look dissimilar....

EVERY species of green plant undergoes alternation of generations. In land plants, the generations look dissimilar. In what other ways are the sporophyte and gametophyte generations dissimilar? List two examples.

In: Biology

In humans, hypotrichosis (sparse body hair) is a rare autosomal recessive condition. Let h = hypotrichosis...

In humans, hypotrichosis (sparse body hair) is a rare autosomal recessive condition.
Let h = hypotrichosis and H = Normal.
Family A consists of two phenotypically normal parents with five children: the first two have hypotrichosis, and the rest are normal.
Family B consists of a phenotypically normal man and a hypotrichotic woman with three children: one has hypotrichosis, and the other two are normal.
------------
Family C is formed when a normal child from family A marries a normal child from family B.
e.​What is the probability that their first offspring is hypotrichotic?
f.​If they have four children, what is the probability that they will all be normal?

Please answer E and F. Thank you!

In: Biology

1. Like most senses, the neurons that carry that carry the somatic sensations [touch, vibration, two-point...

1. Like most senses, the neurons that carry that carry the somatic sensations [touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, and proprioception] innervate the ________ as the last stop before reaching the cortex.

2. Like most senses, the neurons that carry that carry the somatic sensations [pain, temperature, and some remaining touch] innervate the ________ as the last stop before reaching the cortex.

3. However, neurons that carry [touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, and proprioception] information innervate the __________ before the thalamus, while neurons that carry the [pain, temperature, and some remaining touch] information pass through it, instead innervating directly to the thalamus after traversing the spinal cord.

In: Biology

Below is the genotype for a partial diploid E.coli strain. Answer the following questions by filling...

Below is the genotype for a partial diploid E.coli strain. Answer the following questions by filling in the blank with either "yes" or "not". Assume that glucose is absent in all situations.

I-OcZ+Y-/I+O+Z-Y-

Is functional β-galactosidase produced when lactose is in the cell?

  Is functional β-galactosidase produced when there is no lactose in the cell?

Assume an E. coli cell is in an environment that contains both glucose and lactose. Will the lac operon be fully expressed in these conditions?

a.

No

b.

Yes

Assume an E. coli cell is in an environment that contains both glucose and lactose. Regarding the lac operon, what will be the state of the lac repressor protein?  Choose any that apply.

a.

Bound to the promoter

b.

Bound to the operator

c.

Bound to lactose

d.

Bound to cAMP

An operon in E. coli called the Gua operon, encodes proteins responsible for guanine biosynthesis. Two genes, guaA and guaB are under the control of a single promoter and operator, similar to the arrangement in the lac and trp operons. A repressor protein, purR, binds to the operator. Is this a "repressible" or an "inducible" operon?

a.

Repressible

b.

Inducible

An operon in E. coli called the Gua operon, encodes proteins responsible for guanine biosynthesis. Two genes, guaA and guaB are under the control of a single promoter and operator, similar to the arrangement in the lac and trp operons. A repressor protein, purR, binds to the operator. In what conditions (high guanine or low guanine) do you suppose this repressor binds to the operator?

a.

High levels of guanine

b.

Low levels of guanine

  Is functional permease produced when lactose is in the cell?

  Is functional permease produced when there is no lactose in the cell?

In: Biology