If blackmouth shiner fish populations suddenly started to increase in the Florida everglades, what biotic factor could be causing it?

Genetic mutations occasionally occur in the genes for glycolytic enzymes. If a particular mutation occurred in which a serine was substituted for a proline in the protein sequence, what are three distinctly different hypothetical effects that could arise from this mutations that could result in reduced enzyme activity? Please justify your hypothesis using molecular terms.

Cytoskeletal elements are found in

a. Eukaryotes

b. Archaea

c. Yeast

d. Prokaryotes

e. All of the above

You are working in an area that has been contaminated by heavy metals, what plant-based strategy will you try to remediate the soil so that you can later create a park?

1. Treatment with which of the following in neonatal (newborn) male rats would most likely lead to normal defeminization and masculinization of sexual behavior? (Assume that in adulthood all males are treated with testosterone and tested with a female.)

-Androgen receptor antagonist

-Estrogen receptor antagonist

-Alpha-fetoprotein inhibitor

-Aromatase inhibitor

-Castration

2. Phoenix et al.’s 1959 paper showed for the first time that...

-Androgen exposure during early life affects sexual behavior in adulthood.

-Estrogen exposure during early life affects sexual behavior in adulthood.

-Androgen exposure during adulthood affects sexual behavior in adulthood.

-Estrogen exposure during adulthood affects sexual behavior in adulthood.

-Pregnant females treated with androgens produce hermaphroditic offspring.

3. Which of the following is true of organizational effects on the brain in both rats and primates?

-Sexual differentiation of the brain mostly occurs before birth.

-Masculinization of the brain requires the presence of gonadal steroids.

-Feminization of the brain requires the presence of gonadal steroids.

- Masculinization of the brain requires aromatization of androgens to estrogens.

Femalesareprotectedfrommasculinizationbyalpha-fetoprotein.

Alleles for Sickle Cell Anemia occur at higher rates in some populations compared to others. Here, please explain what Sickle Cell Anemia is, how it is inherited, and why in spite of any negative side effects has it persisted as a trait among humans. Be as detailed as possible. You may even include a punnet square in your answer.

Q/ Write and explain 2 techniques that used for gene expression analysis on protein level??

( answer all questions )

1. Which one of these describes the ecological relationship called symbiosis?

A. corals are large, complex structures built by tiny organisms and consist of their 'shells' and themselves. Some corals' animals are photosynthetic--they house single- celled photosynthetic microorganisms that provide the animal with sugars and other nutrients. The coral animals' bodies give the photosynthetic microbes a sheltered, chemically stable location and provide fresh (not salt) water

B. A fully mature flower is ready to have its pollen spread to other plants of the same kind. A bee lands on the flower, reaches deep into it and drinks sweet nectar. It climbs back out of the flower and, just as it occurred when the bee entered the flower, the hairs on the bee's back and the 'pollen combs' on its hind legs, capture a large amount of pollen. This will end up on the next flower's female structures--this is pollination. The bee and the plant live separate, independent lives

C. mistletoe, a plant that grows as a thick bunch on the branches of trees, penetrates the surface of the branch with special sucking structures that remove water and nutrients from the tree's vascular system

2. Which one of these descriptions of fungi is correct?

A. fungi gain nutrients from decomposing dead animals

B.some fungi grow underground, forming large white masses made up of tangled fungal filaments

C. fungal hyphae are made up of long chains of plant cells

3. Why doesn't chaparral soil contain much decomposed organic material?

A. the plants drop few or no leaves

B. there are no decomposers living in chaparral soil

C. chaparral soil does not have a steady, consistent water content; it is too dry for the organisms that break down (decompose) dead plant material

4. How do fungi spread through soil?

A. very quickly

B. by hyphal extension (i.e., as hyphae grow due to cell division)

C. fungal cells do not move

Hallmark of cancer: inducing angiogenesis

a) Describe a pathway that forms part of this hallmark (inducing angiogenesis) with important proteins and proteins frequently mutated in cancer and b) describe a way in which you could influence this pathway, the effect that this should have on cancer from a pathway perspective and any possible issues with such a drug such as resistance, selectivity, or specificity.

explain growth hormone and melatonin in your own words

at least 10 sentences each growth hormone and melatonin.

Explain the following repair mechanisms:

-removal of thymine dimers

-base excision repair

-nucleotide excision repair.

1. (14 pts) Central Dogma – DNA to protein questions
   1. Think about the general flow of genetic information in living organisms. Summarize the three steps of the central dogm
   2. Imagine that a DNA section of the gene that codes for the enzyme phosphofructokinase read 3’ – TACTGGCGC-5’ What would be the resulting messenger RNA strand and why?

3. Use the codon chart above to answer this question. From left to right list, the exact amino acid chain that would be formed? (write the amino acids out in order).

4. Imagine that a mutation added an extra base was added at the start of the strand, so the strand now rea 3’-GTACTGGCGC-5’. How would this affect the outcome? Would a chain of amino acids still be created?

5. Imagine, a malfunction occurs in a cell.   The cell is no longer able to regulate the H₃O⁺ levels inside the cell, the amount of H₃O⁺ increases. Note you will have to call back on information from previous chapters (Ch 3, Ch 5) to answer this
   1. What would happen to the pH? Explain
   2. Which part of the central dogma steps would be most affected and why?
6. Why do genes code to make proteins, why don’t genes code to make carbohydrates, or fats, or nucleic acids? How do the proteins function in the body?
7. Imagine that a mutation occurred in the last codon in the DNA sequence from part B. Instead of 3’ – TACTGGCGC-5’ the DNA read 3’ – TACTGGTGC-5’.
   1. How would the amino acid sequence change? Explain how the mutation would or would not have an effect on the function of phosphofructokinase. You will need specific details relating to the chemistry of the molecules.
   2. How and why would a change in phosphofructokinase impact the health of the person with this mutation? Explain in details

1. (14 pts) Central Dogma – DNA to protein questions
   1. Think about the general flow of genetic information in living organisms. Summarize the three steps of the central dogm
   2. Imagine that a DNA section of the gene that codes for the enzyme phosphofructokinase read 3’ – TACTGGCGC-5’ What would be the resulting messenger RNA strand and why?

3. Use the codon chart above to answer this question. From left to right list, the exact amino acid chain that would be formed? (write the amino acids out in order).

4. Imagine that a mutation added an extra base was added at the start of the strand, so the strand now rea 3’-GTACTGGCGC-5’. How would this affect the outcome? Would a chain of amino acids still be created?

5. Imagine, a malfunction occurs in a cell.   The cell is no longer able to regulate the H₃O⁺ levels inside the cell, the amount of H₃O⁺ increases. Note you will have to call back on information from previous chapters (Ch 3, Ch 5) to answer this
   1. What would happen to the pH? Explain
   2. Which part of the central dogma steps would be most affected and why?
6. Why do genes code to make proteins, why don’t genes code to make carbohydrates, or fats, or nucleic acids? How do the proteins function in the body?
7. Imagine that a mutation occurred in the last codon in the DNA sequence from part B. Instead of 3’ – TACTGGCGC-5’ the DNA read 3’ – TACTGGTGC-5’.
   1. How would the amino acid sequence change? Explain how the mutation would or would not have an effect on the function of phosphofructokinase. You will need specific details relating to the chemistry of the molecules.
   2. How and why would a change in phosphofructokinase impact the health of the person with this mutation? Explain in details

1. (14 pts) Central Dogma – DNA to protein questions
   1. Think about the general flow of genetic information in living organisms. Summarize the three steps of the central dogm
   2. Imagine that a DNA section of the gene that codes for the enzyme phosphofructokinase read 3’ – TACTGGCGC-5’ What would be the resulting messenger RNA strand and why?

3. Use the codon chart above to answer this question. From left to right list, the exact amino acid chain that would be formed? (write the amino acids out in order).

4. Imagine that a mutation added an extra base was added at the start of the strand, so the strand now rea 3’-GTACTGGCGC-5’. How would this affect the outcome? Would a chain of amino acids still be created?

5. Imagine, a malfunction occurs in a cell.   The cell is no longer able to regulate the H₃O⁺ levels inside the cell, the amount of H₃O⁺ increases. Note you will have to call back on information from previous chapters (Ch 3, Ch 5) to answer this
   1. What would happen to the pH? Explain
   2. Which part of the central dogma steps would be most affected and why?
6. Why do genes code to make proteins, why don’t genes code to make carbohydrates, or fats, or nucleic acids? How do the proteins function in the body?
7. Imagine that a mutation occurred in the last codon in the DNA sequence from part B. Instead of 3’ – TACTGGCGC-5’ the DNA read 3’ – TACTGGTGC-5’.
   1. How would the amino acid sequence change? Explain how the mutation would or would not have an effect on the function of phosphofructokinase. You will need specific details relating to the chemistry of the molecules.
   2. How and why would a change in phosphofructokinase impact the health of the person with this mutation? Explain in details

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1. (14 pts) Central Dogma – DNA to protein questions
   1. Think about the general flow of genetic information in living organisms. Summarize the three steps of the central dogm
   2. Imagine that a DNA section of the gene that codes for the enzyme phosphofructokinase read 3’ – TACTGGCGC-5’ What would be the resulting messenger RNA strand and why?

3. Use the codon chart above to answer this question. From left to right list, the exact amino acid chain that would be formed? (write the amino acids out in order).

4. Imagine that a mutation added an extra base was added at the start of the strand, so the strand now rea 3’-GTACTGGCGC-5’. How would this affect the outcome? Would a chain of amino acids still be created?

5. Imagine, a malfunction occurs in a cell.   The cell is no longer able to regulate the H₃O⁺ levels inside the cell, the amount of H₃O⁺ increases. Note you will have to call back on information from previous chapters (Ch 3, Ch 5) to answer this
   1. What would happen to the pH? Explain
   2. Which part of the central dogma steps would be most affected and why?
6. Why do genes code to make proteins, why don’t genes code to make carbohydrates, or fats, or nucleic acids? How do the proteins function in the body?
7. Imagine that a mutation occurred in the last codon in the DNA sequence from part B. Instead of 3’ – TACTGGCGC-5’ the DNA read 3’ – TACTGGTGC-5’.
   1. How would the amino acid sequence change? Explain how the mutation would or would not have an effect on the function of phosphofructokinase. You will need specific details relating to the chemistry of the molecules.
   2. How and why would a change in phosphofructokinase impact the health of the person with this mutation? Explain in details

1. Given the following scenario, what would be the phenotypic outcome of this dihybrid cross for the F2 generation:

2. Given the following scenario, how many birds in the F2 generation would be homozygous recessive for the clear wing trait?

3. Given the following scenario, how many of the birds in the F2 generation would be heterozygous for both traits:

The energy from compounds like glucose can be harvested to generate ATP in aerobic respiration. This is a complex process that involves many chemical conversions.

Describe the main processes that occur. Include all critical concepts in your answer, and where in the cell they occur. You do not need to describe the individual chemical reactions, but do describe the most important elements of each part of aerobic respiration.

Make sure it is clear from your description that you understand how the different processes interconnect, and how ATP eventually is generated. Your answer should be approximately 200 words. In the answer terms like glucose, pyruvate, cyclical behavior of the citrate cycle, NAD+, OXPHOS complexes, proton motive force etc. should be included/ discussed.

Essay answers are limited to about 500 words