1 Examine the Afropithecus head skull, sketch/label and describe. note key features including dentition-describe form and function.

2 Choose one of the modern african apes(extant) to sketch/label and describe. Note key features of the skull, including dentition-describe form and function, diet, habitat, and any notable adaptations of species. Consider the ecology, i.e. how is the species interacting with other species and the environment.

a.Bonobo skull

b.Lowland Gorilla skull

c.Mountain Gorlla skull

1. Describe how the 43 S preinitiation complex forms for Eukaryotic protein synthesis.

2. How might the fact that mature mRNA having 3' poly A tails be used to isolate mature mRNA form eukaryotic genes.

3. The base analog 5-bromouracil is a thymine analog that causes transition mutations because it can easily interconvert between the keto and enol forms. Draw the base pair for 5-bromouracil and adenosine (keto) and 5-bromouracil and Guanosine (enol).

An ecologist catches 25 leopard frogs one night in a pothole marsh. These are marked with a color dye and released. Three days later a second trapping period is conducted – 10 leopard frogs are caught without a mark and 12 are caught that carry a mark.

a) Using the Lincoln-Petersen Index, what is the estimate of population size for the leopard frog population?

b) Suppose some of the frogs caught the first period do not disperse from the release site before the second period, and therefore are easier to capture than unmarked frogs. What effect will this have on the population estimate?

Suppose that the mark gradually washes off over time, so that some marks are gone in three days. What effect will this have on the population estimate?

can you explain why the struggle among organisms in nature should not be left to apply in the same manner to human cultures?

Provide a brief description/explanation about the following:

A) The cortical reaction up to blastulation

B) Direct exchange with the environment vs indirect (systemic) change

C) Communication of neurons with other cells

which of the following is not related to genetic drift?

neutral variation

sexual selection

non darwinian evolution

bottleneck effect

founder effect

With regards to human cheek cells, how many copies of D1S80 do you theoretically add to a PCR tube and what precautions could be made to ensure only your own DNA was added to the PCR reaction?

How is creatinine produced in the body?

Why would urine creatinine levels be a good indicator of kidney function?

When assessing kidney function what other measurements are used?

Give TWO other examples where the concentration of a metabolite in urine is used diagnostically. In each case explain the context and the disease/disorder being diagnosed.

You need to prepare a standard curve at the same time as the unknown measurements. Why is this best practice?

What compounds may interfere with the measurement of creatinine in urine?

The normal range of creatinine concentration in human urine is 5-25 mM. What conditions would return an abnormal value?

Include all the information below about comparison between Hair textures (Afro-texture vs. East Asian): ?

What is the trait called colloquially and scientifically?

What are the hallmarks or characteristics? ?

What mutation(s) causes the trait in your population of interest?

Name of allele? Gene? Type of mutation? ?

What are the differences in frequencies of your trait between the two populations, or, which alleles are characteristic of each population? ?

Are there aspects of this trait that could alter the fitness of the population?

Was the trait selected for or against? What about the environment caused this selection? ?

Did migration, bottlenecking, or the founder effect play pivotal roles in the prevalence of your trait? ?

Were there any types of selective breeding that contributed to the difference in frequency between populations. ?

Is there evidence that interactions with other, pre-existing genes, played a role in the emergence or extinction of your trait within each population?

1.Prontosil showed anti-bacterial activity in patients in vivo but not in vitro. What is the reason for this?

2.List two possible ways by which prontosil/sulfanilamide acts as a reversible competitive inhibitor of folic acid biosynthesis. Draw chemical structures as may be necessary to illustrate your point.

3.Why are sulphonamide selective to bacteria?

What are the different ways that food crops are genetically engineered? What traits get transferred?

What are some of the potential problems of using GMOs in the food supply?

What are some scare tactics and misuse of science against GMO's?

In what other ways have GMOs been used, besides in food?

What are some of the issues or problems that arise because of GMO's? (Ethical, or environmental,)

Include all the information below about Blonde hair (Melanesia vs. Europe) : ( its genetic mutation(s), and the evolutionary mechanisms via which your trait came to differ between populations)

What is the trait called colloquially and scientifically?

What are the hallmarks or characteristics? ?

What mutation(s) causes the trait in your population of interest?

Name of allele? Gene? Type of mutation? ?

What are the differences in frequencies of your trait between the two populations, or, which alleles are characteristic of each population? ?

Are there aspects of this trait that could alter the fitness of the population?

Was the trait selected for or against? What about the environment caused this selection? ?

Did migration, bottlenecking, or the founder effect play pivotal roles in the prevalence of your trait? ?

Were there any types of selective breeding that contributed to the difference in frequency between populations. ?

Is there evidence that interactions with other, pre-existing genes, played a role in the emergence or extinction of your trait within each population?

Include all the information below about Skin color and sun exposure : ( its genetic mutation(s), and the evolutionary mechanisms via which your trait came to differ between populations)

What is the trait called colloquially and scientifically?

What are the hallmarks or characteristics? ?

What mutation(s) causes the trait in your population of interest?

Name of allele? Gene? Type of mutation? ?

What are the differences in frequencies of your trait between the two populations, or, which alleles are characteristic of each population? ?

Are there aspects of this trait that could alter the fitness of the population?

Was the trait selected for or against? What about the environment caused this selection? ?

Did migration, bottlenecking, or the founder effect play pivotal roles in the prevalence of your trait? ?

Were there any types of selective breeding that contributed to the difference in frequency between populations. ?

Is there evidence that interactions with other, pre-existing genes, played a role in the emergence or extinction of your trait within each population?

1. In terms of codon recognition, how is termination fundamentally different than elongation in protein synthesis?

2. How might splicing increase the versatility of eukaryotic genes? Provide an example of a gene that undergoes splicing.

3. Describe the process in which rho dependent termination occurs.

During the elongation phase of protein synthesis, two tRNA binding sites (A and P) orchestrate the elongation of a protein. Describe the recognition of the codon and formation of the peptide bond.