1.Which of the following medications, when taken prior to eating, is especially effective for correcting postprandial hyperglycemia after a high-carbohydrate meal, so that hypoglycemia post dosing is minimized?

Acarbose

Glyburide

Glitazone

Tolbutamide

2.           Which of the following best describes the outcome resulting from the use of 17alpha-alkylated testosterone to enhance athletic performance?

Decreased hepatotoxicity compared with testosterone esters

Decreased spermatogenesis

Reduced effects on serum lipid levels compared with testosterone esters

Cannot be converted to DHT, which reduces effects on prostate size

3. Which one of the following is most likely to interfere with cytochrome P450 metabolism?

Cimetidine

Ranitidine

Sucralfate

Metoclorpramide

4. A 28-year-old patient is newly diagnosed with active TB. Which of the following drug combinations should be initiated in this patient?

Ethambutol, pyrazinamide, rifampin, streptomycin

Ethambutol, isoniazid, rifampin, streptomycin

Ethambutol, pyrazinamide, rifampin, streptomycin

Isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol

Imagine a scenario is which 52 protons are pumped across the membrane of the inner mitochondrial membrane. If you assume that the glycerol-phosphate shuttle is used, and the overall yield of substrate-level phosphorylations is 3, a. What specific starting molecule in the metabolic pathways we studied would you start with to give such a yield of pumped protons and substrate level phosphorylations? b. At what specific reactions (give the reaction, not just a “number”) in the metabolic pathways would you yield electron carriers (and what “type”), and how many of each of the electron carriers would you make to give the total of 52 protons? c. Describe what role the electrons play and describe the general movement of the electrons through the electron transport chain to the final electron acceptor. d. What would the effect of adding dinitrophenol (DNP) be on the electron transport chain? Be specific. e. How many total ATP would be made under aerobic conditions starting at the molecule you determined? f. Finally, how many protons would be pumped from your starting molecule under anaerobic conditions and why?

An experimental mouse model of Leishmania infection was used by
Nathan and Miller to investigate the relative contribution of reactive
oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and reactive nitrogen intermediates
(RNIs) in the control of leishmaniasis.
i) How did the authors establish that RNIs but not ROIs are essential and
sufficient to limit an infection?
ii) How are these toxic intermediates generated by redox reactions
and what mechanisms protect the parasite against their toxicity?

Is this true or false? The collagen structure is a bundle of three left handed alpha helices in a right handed supercoil.

how do 3 left handed make a right handed?

Provide a brief description/explanation about any of the 4 questions:

n) Characteristics of Phylum Chordata. Closest inverebrate related phyla.

o) Early chordate evolution in terms of Hox genes.

p) Evolution of land based tetrapods in terms of Gnasthostomes that have limbs.

Q) Qstiechthyans and land based tetrapods.

R) Features making amphibians sensitive to environmental changes.

S) Amniotic eggs with non amniotic eggs; Adault amniote and aphibian venitlation.

T) Derived characteristics that separate reptiles from other tetrapods.

U) Derived characters of birds; factors related to their emergence.

V) Derived characters of mammals; factors related to their emergence.

W) Evolution of humans Sahelanthropus to Homo habilis; Note basic mechanisms of evolution.

X) Evolution of humans from Homo habilis to Homo sapiens; Note basic mechanics of evolution.

Dietitians often recommend keeping a food log for a variety of reasons (weight loss, general wellness, diabetes management and/or teaching, IBS), why do you think this might be a helpful tool for both the dietitian and the client?_

Homework 4

1. If two different taxa share common ancestry with each other more recently than either one does with any other organisms, we call them _______ ______. (ITS NOT —>(Paraphyletic taxa))

Homework 5

1. How does the mosquito transmit malaria from an ill person to a healthy person?

a. Plasmodium is taken up from one person's blood and squirted back out into the next person.

b. Plasmodium gametocytes are taken up from one person's blood and cross into the saliva duct to be reinjected into the next person.

c. Plasmodium gametocytes are taken up from one person's blood, fuse to form a zygote that becomes a motile ookinete that enters the saliva ducts.

d. Plasmodium gametocytes are taken up from one person's blood, fuse to form a zygote that becomes a motile ookinete, that crosses the stomach wall, forms an oocyst that undergoes sporogony and the sporozoites then migrate to the saliva ducts to be injected into the human host.

e. Plasmodium gametocytes are sucked from one person's blood, form an oocyst that undergoes sporogony and the sporozoites migrate across the stomach lining to the saliva ducts.

1. The kingdom Protozoa is made up of numerous types of single-celled organisms. Because they are all unicellular the protozoans are a monophyletic group.

True

False

Feathered (F-) shank in chickens is dominant to clean (ff) shanks and white feathers (I-) is dominant to black (ii) feathers. Comb structure is controlled by 2 epistatic genes R and P with alternate alleles r and p. R-P- gives the phenotype walnut, R-pp pea, rrP- rose and rrpp single.   All of these genes are independently assorting. A white, feathered shank, walnut comb chicken was mated with a white, feathered, pea comb rooster and produced a black, clean, single comb chick.  

Using this information, predict the proportion of additional progeny that would have the following phenotype: White, clean, walnut.

a.18/256

b.36/256

c.4/256

d.81/256

e.12/256

1) You have extracted your targeted plasmid from Milariuza. equilirus in your home. Because you do not have an expensive nanodrop machine, you decided to run a gel to determine the concentration of your sample. However, you also don’t have Tris-acetate, thus can’t make any TAE buffer. Being a smart student, you realize you can simply make 1X TBE buffer instead of 1X TAE buffer for your experiment. You will need 800ml TBE buffer for both making the gel and use it as a running buffer. You do not have any access to pipettes because you left them at school, and you only have large graduate cylinders. This means that any measurement below 10ml is inaccurate. The balance you have can only measure accurately above 100mg. Please show all works.

                                 Recipe for 5X TBE buffer                    Stock Materials

500mM Tris-Borate                                50M Tris-Borate

10mM EDTA                                        EDTA (MW ? 300)

5%NaOH                                              NaOH (MW ? 40)

6) A stalked, sessile marine organism has several elongated feeding structures surrounding an opening where food is ingested. This organism could potentially be a cnidarian, a tube-dwelling worm, a crustacean or an echinoderm, Finding which of the following in this organism would allow you to be certain of the organism’s identity?

A) radial symmetry

b) the presence of jointed limbs

c) a hard shell composed of calcium carbonate

D) a nervous system

7) a rhinocerous is chasing a shrew in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When night falls and they rest, which animal will cool down faster?

A) the shrew will because it has the higher surface area/volume ratio

B) the rhinoceros will because it has the higher surface area/volume ratio

C) the rhinoceros will because it has the lower surface area/volume ratio

D) they will cool at the same rate because they overheated by the same amount.

8) A teacher wants to demonstrate that some invertebrates possess an open circulatory system. The teacher should dissect a

A) porifera

b) gastropod

C) polychaete

d) hagfish

9) bivalves in an aquarium with se stars, lobsters, and gastropods, started to die one by one; only the undamaged sheels remined. If the teacher used a disseting microscope to examine the intact external surfaces of the empty shells of the bivalves, the teacher would probably see marks left by

A) jaws

B) nematocysts

C) tube feet

D) radulae

10) Julie catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notice that attached to its flank is an equally long. Snakelike organism. The attached organism that has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth without a jaw, and two small eyes. Julie thinks it might be a marine polychaeta, a hagfish, or a lamprey. What feature excludes it from potentially being a polychaeta?

a) its lack of scales

B) its elongate shape

C) its closed circulatory system

d) its lack of external parapodia

11) if the snakelike organism turned out to be a hagfish, why should Email throw the ray-finned fish the caught overboard rather than making dinner from it?

A) it has mucous on its skin

B) the fish was probably sick or dying, otherwise the hagfish would not have attacked it

c) hagfish inject paralytic neurotoxins.

d) if it had an ectoparasite in must also have endoparasites.

12) you obseve a female burrowing mammal it has two tiny eyes that are difficult to see and seemingly covered by skin as well as enlarged front paws with enlarged claws for digging, what might you look for to distinguish whether it was a marsupial or eutherian mole?

A) a synapsid skull

B) a cleithrum

C) an external abdominal pouch

d) a dentary-squamosal type jaw point

Describe in layman's terms how ONE of the following supports evolution by natural selection: the fossil record, the anatomical record, the molecular record. Please use your own words.

What are the costs/risks of overactivation of the immune system?

What does DNA recombination have to do with antibody diversity?

How are T-cells activated?

Can you explain why the amount of force produced by a muscle cell is proportional to intracellular calcium concentration? The number of active crossbridges?

Can you explain the metabolic pathways utilized by slow twitch and fast twitch muscle

fibers generate ATP?

What causes fatigue during muscular activity?

1. In DNA, the type of bonds that form the base pairing between the bases, A::T and C::G are?

a. ionic bonds

b. peptide bonds

c. H-bonds

d. covalent bonds

2. If you wanted to build a short DNA strand, which of the following nucleotides would you not use?

Select one:

a. dTTP

b. dUTP

c. dGTP

d. dCTP

BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

Vinnie is a professional road cyclist participating in the 2020 Giro d’Italia, a three-week race nearly 3,600 km in distance with some stages exceeding altitudes of 2,700 m above sea level (i.e., Stelvio Pass, Italy). As the newly hired head of the high-performance team, it is your responsibility to manage his preparation for the event. You must demonstrate to your team a fundamental understanding of physiology, the chronic adaptations expected from his training, and methods that could be implemented to improve the likelihood of success.

QUESTION:

The longest leg of the race is 228 km, during which energy intake is critical. Glycolysis and β-oxidation are processes that break down carbohydrates (i.e., glucose, sucrose, fructose) and fatty acids, respectively.

A. Individually, what is the total ATP yield from one molecule of glucose and one molecule of palmitate?

B. How did you reach these numbers (i.e., substrate yield and use)?

C. Based on what you know about the yield and speed of these two pathways, do you recommend Vinnie ingest glucose or fatty acids during the race? (Hint, the cross-over concept)