On page 2 of the textbook, a list of characteristics something must have in order to be considered "living" is provided. Which of these characteristics do viruses lack? Explain your answer.

1. Select a contrast mode in microscopy. In the space below, describe and it in detail (hint: phase, dark-field, bright-field) (1 page limit)

Question 10 (5 pts.):​ Why do you think cholera would choose to colonize the intestines of its host, as opposed to other parts of the body? (Try to think about what the bacteria might gain from living in the intestines.)

Question 11 (5 pts.):​ Why do you think it is important for ​V. cholerae​ to attach themselves firmly to the epithelial cells of the intestines, as shown in the picture above?

Question 12 (5 pts.):​ Suggest a reason why ​V. cholerae​ would benefit by causing their hosts to have excessive, watery diarrhea? How could this help the bacteria in their cycle of infection?

Please be detailed. Discuss the concept of the universality of the genetic code. Mention the exceptions to this universality. What are your thoughts on how the universality of the genetic code makes recombinant DNA technology possible?

1. You are planning to do some experiments to demonstrate the dynamic nature of microtubules. How you would fluorescently label microtubules in order to use for FRAP experiments inside a cell?
2. Once you have labeled microtubules, you decide to treat the cells with taxol and then perform FRAP What would be your control for this experiment? What are your predictions for the experimental and control experiment results?

Write the definitions of the following terms. Give examples of animals to which these terms apply.

Antennae

Appendage

Jointed appendage

Arm

Asymmetrical

Bilateral symmetry

Radial symmetry

Endoskeleton

Exoskeleton

Bone

Chitin

Leg

Pentamerous

Segmented body

Tentacle

Mention Three methods used to promote the microbiological quality of water and how they affect microorganisms.

In familial retinoblastoma, are mutations in the normal RB1 gene always responsible for the loss of heterozygosity?

In a family with retinoblastoma, would the mechanism of loss of heterozygosity in tumors in different members of the family be expected to be same or different?

Cite some evidence supporting the conclusion that tumor cells are clonal.

A gene for hereditary prostate cancer has been mapped to chromosomal location 1q25; it shows autosomal dominant inheritance. How would you go about identifying the mutant gene?

What would be the expected result of nonsense mutation in Mad gene?

Would the mutation in the gene for Cdc20 protein expected to be dominant or recessive?

Chapter Questions

1.     Explain why good research habits are important and how they relate to personal integrity and ethics. (Obj. 4)

2.     Howard Schultz, Starbucks president and CEO, has been described as a “classic entrepreneur: optimistic, relentless, mercurial, and eager to prove people wrong.” Schultz has followed his gut instinct mostly to success while scoffing at established management practices. Unlike other executives, until the Great Recession hit, he was not interested in cost control, advertising, and customer research. “I despise research,” he said. “I think it’s a crutch. But people smarter than me pushed me in this direction, and I’ve gone along.”Starbucks continues to be one of the most followed companies on Facebook. For the most recent year on record, Starbucks’ net income reached $359 million.What do you think Howard Schultz meant when he called consumer research a “crutch”? Can you explain why the corporate maverick hates it so much? (Obj. 3)

3.     Is information obtained on the Web as reliable as information obtained from journals, newspapers, and magazines? How about information derived from Wikipedia and blogs? (Obj. 3)

4.     Some people say that business reports never contain footnotes. If you were writing your first report for a business and you did considerable research, what would you do about documenting your sources? (Obj. 4)

13.5

Proposal: BioMed Sports Medicine Comes to Town (Obj. 1)

Sports medicine is increasingly popular, especially in university towns. A new medical clinic, BioMed Sports Medicine, is opening its doors in your community. A friend recommended your small business to the administrator of the clinic, and you received a letter asking you to provide information about your service. The new medical clinic specializes in sports medicine, physical therapy, and cardiac rehabilitation services. It is interested in retaining your company, rather than hiring its own employees to perform the service your company offers.

Your Task. First, decide what service you offer It could be landscaping, uniforms, uniform laundering, general cleaning, computerized no-paper fling systems, online medical supplies, patient transportation, supplemental hospice care, temporary office support, social media guidance, or food service.

Develop a letter proposal outlining your plan, staffing, and budget. Use persuasion to show why contracting your services is better than hiring in-house employees. In the proposal letter, request a meeting with the administrative board. .Send your proposal to Dr. Tim Krahnke, Director, BioMed Sports Medicine. Supply a local address.

DNA replication is known to follow which of the following patterns

Select one:

a. Conservative mechanism

b. Dispersive mechanism

c. Untraditional mechanism

d. Semi-conservative mechanism

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In the absence of DNA polymerase 1, a cell would be unable to

Select one:

a. Polymerize the Okazaki fragments

b. Remove the primers

c. Initiate telomerase activity

d. Synthetize DNA on the leading strand

e. Synthetize new DNA on both strands

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At the end of the DNA replication process, telomerase activity is higher

Select one:

a. At the 3’ end of the lagging strand

b. At the 3’ end of both strands

c. At the 3’ end of the leading strand

d. At the 5’ end of the lagging strand

e. At the 5’ end of the leading strand

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Which of the following is/are true about the two DNA strands that form a helix?

Select one:

a. The 2 strands are antiparallel and complementary to each other

b. The 2 strands are linked to each other by peptide bonds

c. In a gel electrophoresis, DNA would run toward the negative electrode

d. Answers A and C are correct

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1. In E. coli cell is grown in the presence of high amounts of glucose. Which of the following is true?

a. The cell will use lactose as a carbon source.

b. The level of cyclic AMP in the cell will be low.

c. The level of cyclic AMP in the cell will be high.

d. Transcription of mRNA from the lac operon will be high

e. The cell will die.

2. Enhancers are

a. proteins located adjacent to promoters

b. distant nucleotide sequences where gene regulatory proteins bind

c. nucleotide sequences that block replication and inhibit transcription

d. proteins that bind and deactivate repressors

e. bacterial forms of promoters

3. When tryptophan is present in the media, the tryptophan molecules regulating the trp operon binds the

a. trpE enzyme

b. trp promoter

c. trp operator

d. trp repressor

e. trp polymerase

4. Your liver and heart cells are different because

a. they contain different genes

b. they contain different operons

c. each contains unique promoters

d. different regulatory genes are expressed in different tissues

e. they contain different chromosomes

5. In prokaryotic cells, a group of genes that code for functionally related and coordinately regulated proteins is a(n)

a. exon

b. intron

c. operon

d. repressor

e. homopolymer

6. Heterochromatin corresponds to densely packed regions of chromosomes. Hence heterochromatin likely contains:

a. Methylated DNA and hypoacetylated nucleosomes.

b. Methylated DNA and hyperacetlyated nucleosomes.

c. Unmethylated DNA and hyperacetylated nucleosomes.

d. Unmethylated DNA and hypoacetylated nucleosomes.

e. Degraded DNA and degraded nucleosomes.

7. The I^s mutation yields a super repressor of the lac operon. The most likely cause of this phenotype is:

a. The operator region no longer binds I^s repressor.

b. The promoter element shows irreversible binding to the inducer, lactose.

c. The beta-galactosidase gene is active.

d. The I^s repressor protein can no longer bind the inducer lactose.

e. The I^s repressor binds ribosomes, blocking expression of the lac operon.

8. Attenuation is a form of transcription regulation

a. that can be manifested by coupling transcription and translation .

b. that permits the photolyase reaction to repair DNA during transcription.

c. that results in degradation of amino acids not essential to growth.

d. that yields progressive increases in disease severity with age.

e. that can only be manifested through trans-activation of adjacent operons.

9. Multi-cistronic (polycistronic) messenger RNAs

a. Are only found in eukaryotic cells and encode genes for the cistronic organelle.

b. Encode transfer RNAs found inside bacterial mitochondria.

c. Distinguish between splice variants during the constitutive growth phase.

d. Is a single messenger RNA encoding multiple, different gene products.

e. Encode a single polypeptide chain.

10. An insulator functions to

a. Insulate ribosomes from enhancer effects

b. Insulate mRNAs from exonuclease activity

c. Insulate cells from the effects of bacterial endotoxins

d. Insulate specific introns from splicing.

e. Insulate genes from the effects of an enhancer

Your neurobiology lab primarily studies gene expression of distinct brain regions to better understand mechanisms behind memory loss. Your task as a new graduate student is to create libraries of Olfactory Bulb and Hippocampus rat brain regions. How would gene expression differences in anatomically distinct brain regions in “control” rats help you identify candidate genes possibly involved in loss of memory phenotype?

the main electron donor(s) to the electron transport chain of mitochondria is/are

Select one:

a. Oxygen

b. NADH

c. Water

d. FADH2

e. Both b and d are correct

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The main electron donor(s) to the electron transport chain of thylakoids (in chloroplasts) is/are

Select one:

a. Oxygen

b. NADH

c. Water

d. FADH2

e. Both b and d are correct

--

During oxydative phosphorylation in mitochondria, the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain is

Select one:

a. H20

b. NADH

c. O2

d. ATP synthase

e. CO2

--

Oxydative phosphorylation takes place in which of the following?

Select one:

a. The inner mitochondrial membrane

b. The mitochondrial matrix

c. The cytosol

d. The outer mitochondrial membrane

e. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

--

What can occur in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

a. Glycolysis

b. citric Acid Cycle

c.oxidative phosphoryation and ETC

d. A,B,C & E

e. B & C