Discussion 2B: Five Hour Energy

After studying energy in this chapter and its definition, investigate the contents of a bottle of 5 Hour Energy

Based on what you have learned, is there evidence to support this product as a viable source of energy?

Would you personally recommend it as an energy source? Explain.

Explain the difference between Microevolution and Macroevolution, and give examples of each. ANSWER IN PARAGRAPH PLEASE

Normal fertilization requires changes in the membrane organization of both sperm and oocyte and penetration of the oocyte by a single spermatozoon.

a. What physical, cellular and biochemical molecular processes are necessary for the succesful passage of a spem from the outermost portion of the cumulus oophorus to the oocyte membrane?

b. How does the human sperm nucleus move in the cytoplasm and why does it facilitate the juxtaposition of the material and paternal pronuclei?

c. why is the orientation of pronuclear DNA critical for embryogenesis to proceed and how does it promote pronuclear membrane breakdown (syngamy)

d. What specific defects in the above processes have been shown to result in fertilization or early developmental failure.

2) Consider a hairy pea plant that was grown from yellow seed (an F1 hybrid). This hybrid had one parent (P1) that was an inbred variety with no hairs and was grown from a green seed. P2 was also an inbred variety, but grown from a yellow seed and had hairy leaves.

After a backcross of the F1 hybrid to the P1 parent the following progeny are observed.

Yellow seed/Smooth               29

Yellow seed /Hairy                 82

Green seed /Smooth                9

Green seed /Hairy                   30

a) What is the null hypothesis for the ratio of progenies based on the backcross described above.

b) Using a Chi square statistical test, do you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. Show your calculations.

c)Is there an easy explanation for your conclusion?

Applications of Evolution to Real Life

Cheetahs are currently listed on the endangered species list, and by some estimates, there are less than 100 animals left in the wild. Perhaps the greatest problem with preserving the cheetah species is that these animals are now almost genetically identical to one another (due to the bottleneck effect).

A) What are the problems associated with having such low genetic diversity?

B) Because of this problem, many biologists think that cheetahs are doomed to go extinct in the near future. Do you agree, why or why not?

C) If you think cheetahs can be saved, what conservation efforts will be necessary to save them?

D) Is there any way to increase genetic diversity in a local cheetah population? (For example, consider just the population of captive cheetahs in North American zoos.) How about in the global cheetah population?

Phylogenetics

What do phylogenetic trees tell us? What does the field of phylogenetics set out to learn?

Create a dichotomous key with these bacteria:

Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus megatarium, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Lactococcus lactis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Proteus vulgarius, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis

Misconceptions in Evolution

Write a misconception and the correct evolutionary interpretation for the following statements:

    Example:

Statement: Over time, the average length of giraffe necks has increased.

Misconception: Short-necked giraffes stretched their necks by reaching for food that was high in trees. They passed this new acquired trait on to their offspring, which were born with long necks.

Correct interpretation: The ancestral giraffe population happened to have some short-necked giraffes and some slightly longer-necked giraffes. The giraffes with slightly longer necks could reach more food (or could win more fights, etc.) and had superior survival and reproduction. Over time, the long-necked giraffes became more common in the population. Repeated over many generations, this resulted in evolution of longer and longer necks.

A) After the Industrial Revolution, moths changed from being mostly light to being mostly dark.

B) The incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is on the rise, many bacteria have resistance mutations.

C) Heterozygotes which carry the gene for sickle-cell anemia (but aren't greatly affected by the disease) are resistant to malaria.

1.Carry out library search to find out if the bacteria and yeast form alcohol in the absence of oxygen or they possess a metabolic pathway that does not involve oxygen. Write down your findings

2. What would happen if the first enzyme in glycolysis is irreversible inhibited by a toxic substance?
PLEASE HELP ME ALL QUESTIONS

Compare and contrast the auxin and gibberellins signal chains for gene derepression.

Because electron transport is coupled to ADP phosphorylation, it is theoretically possible to drive electron backwards in the chain, against the potential gradient, at the expense of ATP. This mechanism has been observed in some organisms. Consider a bacterium at 25 C that can transfer electrons from succinate to NAD+ by means of the transport

Succinate + NAD+ = Fumerate + NADH + H+

If the intracellular concentration of phosphate is constant at 10 mM, calculate the [ATP]/[ADP] ratio that would be required to maintain the steady-state ratio of [NADH]/[succinate] = 0.010. Assume that the intracellular concentrations of fumerate and NAD+ are equal.

Explain how the logistic model of population growth has both positive and negative feedback mechanisms.

Normal fertilization requires changes in the membrane organization of both sperm and oocyte and penetration of the oocyte by a single spermatozoon.

a. What physical, cellular and biochemical molecular processes are necessary for the succesful passage of a spem from the outermost portion of the cumulus oophorus to the oocyte membrane?

b. How does the human sperm nucleus move in the cytoplasm and why does it facilitate the juxtaposition of the material and paternal pronuclei?

1-Taxonomy & systematics reflect phylogeny.’ Please explain this statement

2-What is non-random mating? Why would it be an important thing for conservation biologists to keep track of in a population?

3-What are 5 lines of evidence in support of evolution? Define and give an example of each.

4-Define and give an example for each of the following types of natural selection: directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection, balancing selection.  

5-What are respiratory pigments? In general, what makes them good at delivering gases from one place in the body to another?

6-Why is human blood red while the blood of some insects is blue?

7-Why is the oxygen-hemoglobin curve sigmoidal (s-shaped) rather than a straight line?

8-What parts of your body have chemoreceptors for detecting changes in breathing rate? What cues do those chemoreceptors pick up? Would the brain react first to an increase in pH or to a decrease in oxygen levels in the blood?

9-How does an increase in CO₂ affect pH (hydrogen ion concentration) of the blood? How does an increase in anaerobic respiration affect pH in the blood?

An ecologist is studying a population of beetles and determines N=2000. During same time (that the population is N=2000), he also records 200 births and 120 deaths in the population over a one month period. Using this information, answer these questions.

a) Estimate r, the per capita growth rate in months and use it in the continuous model of population growth to estimate population size in 8 months.

b) Given the same per capita growth rate as above, how much time will it take the population to double?

c) Assume K for this population is 8000 (and N=2000), is the population growth rate increasing or decreasing?

d) Given that K = 8000, what is the population growth rate when N=2000?

e) What is r in time units of years?

Which of the following is required for nerve impulse conduction and is found in foods such as bananas, avocados, apricots, and potatoes?

Question 26 options:

A severe deficiency of vitamin A may result in:

Question 29 options:

In _____, too much adrenocorticotropic hormone is produced.

Question 45 options:

Physical reactions to a stressor include:

Question 57 options: