oRelate these molecules to each other with regard to activation/inhibition, downstream consequences and functions.

oIllustrate the structures of a GPCR & RTK and relate to mechanisms of translation discussed previously.

oDevelop an experimental strategy to differentiate between these receptor groups and determine their structure with regard to the membrane.

oIllustrate/describe mechanisms of activation of GPCR and RTK.

oCompare and differentiate the role of G-proteins in the GPCR and RTK pathways.

oGiven a scenario, draw/interpret an epistatic pathway (including understanding how a mutation might affect the pathway)

oDescribe and interpret basics of signaling by TGF-b receptors & intracellular receptors, including type of ligand, and mechanism of signal transduction

1. The release of BMP and Fgf8 from the optic vesicle to the overlying ectoderm-derived tissue results in the formation of the eye lens.

1. Identify and briefly explain this type of signaling phenomenon?

2. Why do some tissues respond to the above signaling and some tissues do not?

3. How would you test to see if a tissue is sufficient to affect another tissue type?

Describe the whole genome tiling and ChIP assays.

Some viruses have different spike protein. Explain what happened to the gene which affected the protein that is produced based on transcription and translation.

Relate the following complexes to cell-cell interactions (adherens junctions, desmosomes, tight junctions, & gap junctions) or cell-ECM interactions

oCadherins

oIntegrins

oClaudins

oActin

oCatenins

oIntermediate filaments (keratin)

oConnexins

oElastin/collagen

oFibronectin/laminin

oProteoglycans

What are corals? What is meant by a "coral reef"?

How has climate change affected the Great Barrier Reef in Australia? What are the problems and the causes of these problems?

What is meant by "global climate change"? How is global climate change related to the greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases? What are some of the greenhouse gases?

. How could one design an ethical experiment that would study the influence between Nature vs Nurture in child rearing? Basically an experiment to help with finding out if Nature or Nurture impacts our personality.

You have just isolated a new strain of Gram negative bacteria that can catabolize the sugar aspartame. Genome comparisons to all other strains don't provide any insight into the identity of this pathway. 1) Describe an experiment to identify the pathway coding for aspartame catabolism 2) Describe an experiment to move this pathway into E. coli 3) Given what we learned in class, describe how this pathway is likely repressed and where operator sequence would be 4) Describe an experiment to phenotypically confirm how this pathway is regulated using a SELECTION involving styrene catabolism 5) Describe an experiment to phenotypically confirm how this pathway is regulated using a SCREEN involving light production

Explain and give at least one example of each of the following major themes (or strategies) in the control of RNA virus gene expression: linkage between replication and control of expression, multifunctional gene products, overlapping genes, use of secondary structure to control gene expression, leaky termination, use of host proteins for viral functions, mimicking host cap structure, subgenomic mRNA, regulatory protein.

What is meant by the term "cotranslational disassembly". To what sorts of viruses does it apply? How does it help to explain the "life-cycle" of these viruses?

1) Use examples from ssRNA viruses to show how some viruses' genome organization and replication strategy conform to the principle of genetic economy and explain why your chosen examples are appropriate..

1. A petri dish is inoculated with a single bacterium and the intrinsic rate of increase for the species is 0.5.

a. What will the size of the population be after 10 generations?

b. How often will the population double, if the rate of increase remains constant?

c. If the petri dish can hold one million bacteria, what will the rate of increase be after 25 generations?

d. The rate of resource use by the first species is 2 units/individual. A second species is added to the petri dish that uses resources at a rate of 3 units/individual and has a carrying capacity of 750,000. What will be the end result of adding in the second species of bacteria (i.e., will one species out-compete the other or will they co-exist)?

How do picornaviruses achieve cell entry and how does this process differ from that used by enveloped viruses? What checkpoints are involved in the process? What are the roles of the “canyon” and the pocket factor?

C3 deficiencies are typically lethal but C8 deficiencies are survivable. How are individuals with a C8 deficiency able to fight many types of infection?