Determine the number of net ATPs produced in the following
situations. Assume that each NADH and FADH2 enter the STE. Be careful, sometimes not
is ATP what you want to determine

Show your calculations and strategies to get the corresponding number.
_______________1. Number of NADH if seven acetyl Co-A molecules enter Krebs.
_______________2. Two molecules of glucose-phosphate enter into glycolysis to produce
pyruvate.
_______________3. Three molecules of glucose in a cell treated with cyanide.
_______________4. Seven molecules of glucose in a yeast under aerobic conditions.
_______________5. Two glucose molecules where hexokinase has been mutated and is not
functional.

What can cause a phenol red indicator of carbohydrate fermentation to give a false positive with gas?

I heavily incubated my organism in the test tube and it is producing a huge gas bubble in the Durham tube and a clear yellow (acid) color. I incubated my tube at my organism's optimism growth conditions (oxygen and temperature wise) for 48 hrs exactly.. i was supposed to get a red no gas result ( -) what might have gone wrong?

17) Provide at least three ways the Central Dogma (aka “gene expression”) is different in eukaryotes versus prokaryotes and items that are conserved in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

18) Describe, in detail, the two ways environmental signals promote a cellular response. Include how a cell receives a signal, how it is subsequently processed, and what cellular process is targeted in order to generate the “cellular response”) Draw and/or identify the status of the lac operon in a given set of environmental conditions and/or cell mutations.

how information from DNA results in the synthesis of a protein. Explain how information in the environment ultimately results in changes to gene expression.

1. Did water move into the cell or out of the cell while it was surrounded by hypotonic solution?
2. In which direction did the water move through the cell membrane when the cell was surrounded by the hypertonic solution?
3. Compare and contrast what happens to an animal, a plant, and a paramecium cell in a hypotonic, an isotonic, and a hypertonic solution?
4. Could Elodea or paramecium from a freshwater lake be expected to survive if transplanted into the ocean? Explain.
5. If you were to grill a steak, would it better to put salt on it before or after you cooked it? Explain why, in terms of osmosis.
6. Why does salad become soggy and wilted when the dressing has been on it for a while? Explain why, in terms of osmosis.
7. An effective way to kill weeds is to pour salt water on the ground around the plants. Explain why the weeds die, using the principles discovered in this virtual lab.

how a person's life can changed after they are diagnosed with HIV?
how to prevent this disease?
are they enough medicines avaiable in USA to help people with AIDS?

4) Diploblast marine animals with radial symmetry, mouth surrounded by tentacles covered with stinging cells (cnidocytes) with microscopic harpoons that paralyze prey belong to the phylum ____________

5) This very old animal phylum groups filter-feeding organisms whose bodies are covered with pores. They exhibit cell level of organization, and asymmetrical bodies:

6) The first group of triploblast animals with cephalization and a bilateral body symmetry belongs to the phylum __________________ .

7) Animals in the phylum ____________________ were the first to have a complete gut tube with two openings, mouth and anus. There are free-living and very abundant forms, and also parasitic forms that cause diseases to man and other vertebrates.

8) All worms with segmented body belong to the phylum ____________________.

9) Animals with soft slime body, with or without shell, are classified within this vey diverse phylum:

10) Indicate the name of the phylum and class of insects, crustaceans, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, and millipedes. How many known species are classified in this phylum?

11) What characteristic of sea urchins is shared with chordates making these marine animals the closest relatives to vertebrates?

12) What characteristic of the body of adult sea urchins is shared with cnidarians? 13) Describe the defining characteristics of chordates.
14) Describe the defining characteristics of the sub-phylum Vertebrata.
15) List the classes of vertebrates and their defining characteristics.

16) How many living species of vertebrates have been described?

Give an example of a molecular diagnostic test used to determine.

Your answer will include the disease, the gene assessed, the change being detected and how treatment or choice of further testing may be altered in light of the test results.

Cancer mechanisms – changes in endocrine/chemo therapy Karyotyping - FISH

Duchenne and MLPA assessment

On page 2 of the textbook, a list of characteristics something must have in order to be considered "living" is provided. Which of these characteristics do viruses lack? Explain your answer.

1. Select a contrast mode in microscopy. In the space below, describe and it in detail (hint: phase, dark-field, bright-field) (1 page limit)

Question 10 (5 pts.):​ Why do you think cholera would choose to colonize the intestines of its host, as opposed to other parts of the body? (Try to think about what the bacteria might gain from living in the intestines.)

Question 11 (5 pts.):​ Why do you think it is important for ​V. cholerae​ to attach themselves firmly to the epithelial cells of the intestines, as shown in the picture above?

Question 12 (5 pts.):​ Suggest a reason why ​V. cholerae​ would benefit by causing their hosts to have excessive, watery diarrhea? How could this help the bacteria in their cycle of infection?

Please be detailed. Discuss the concept of the universality of the genetic code. Mention the exceptions to this universality. What are your thoughts on how the universality of the genetic code makes recombinant DNA technology possible?

1. You are planning to do some experiments to demonstrate the dynamic nature of microtubules. How you would fluorescently label microtubules in order to use for FRAP experiments inside a cell?
2. Once you have labeled microtubules, you decide to treat the cells with taxol and then perform FRAP What would be your control for this experiment? What are your predictions for the experimental and control experiment results?

Write the definitions of the following terms. Give examples of animals to which these terms apply.

Antennae

Appendage

Jointed appendage

Arm

Asymmetrical

Bilateral symmetry

Radial symmetry

Endoskeleton

Exoskeleton

Bone

Chitin

Leg

Pentamerous

Segmented body

Tentacle

Mention Three methods used to promote the microbiological quality of water and how they affect microorganisms.

In familial retinoblastoma, are mutations in the normal RB1 gene always responsible for the loss of heterozygosity?

In a family with retinoblastoma, would the mechanism of loss of heterozygosity in tumors in different members of the family be expected to be same or different?

Cite some evidence supporting the conclusion that tumor cells are clonal.

A gene for hereditary prostate cancer has been mapped to chromosomal location 1q25; it shows autosomal dominant inheritance. How would you go about identifying the mutant gene?

What would be the expected result of nonsense mutation in Mad gene?

Would the mutation in the gene for Cdc20 protein expected to be dominant or recessive?