the following two questions are related to these two articles:

1) Pseuderanthemum palatiferum leaf extract inhibits the proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-a and IL-6 expression in LPS-activated macrophages.

Sittisart P, Chitsomboon B, Kaminski NE

2)Early Weaning Stress in Pigs Impairs Innate Mucosal Immune Responses to Enterotoxigenic E. coli Challenge and Exacerbates Intestinal Injury and Clinical Disease  

            McLamb B, Gibson A,Overman E, Stahl C and Moeser A

Question 1: Summarize research studies using simple equations and graphs to represent experimental design and results

• Read the abstracts and the introduction section (especially the last paragraph) of the research articles indicated above
• 1) Identify the type of samples that were analyzed in the research (for example..did they take biopsies of specific organs/tissue?)
• 2) Determine whether the research involved in vitro and/or in vivo experiments
• 3) Propose a control group and an experimental group (or groups) based on the information provided
• 4) Identify the method used for analyzing samples (or propose a reasonable method based on information provided in the abstract and your own knowledge)
• 5) Propose measurements (y-axis labels) for the data based on information provided
• 6) Summarize the main question being addressed by the research (For example: What effect does ____________have on ____________?   
  • 2. Question 2: Use bar graphs as an alternative representation of various types of data
• Identify the components of samples represented in Figure 3a of the article by Sittisart et al. by filling in the following sentences. More than one word may be needed to fill in certain blanks.
• 1) The negative control group contains _______________(cells) that were treated with ______________
• 2) The positive control group contains ________________(cells) that were treated with ______________.
• 3) One of the experimental groups contains _______________(cells) that were treated with _________________.(remember…a negative control is a group that is expected to provide a low measurement and a positive control is a group that is expected to provide a higher measurement. These insure that the methods used are working properly)
• 4) Convert the data in Figure 6b of the article by Sittisart et al. into a bar graph, similar to the bar graph in Figure 3a. Propose a yaxis label that indicates what is being assessed in the experiment.

Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport, Endocytosis...How does large molecules, H20, 02,Lipids, Na+/K+ get into the cell?

How does the appearance and nutritional status of the gametophyte differ between bryophytes and ferns and the rest of the vascular plants?

Describe the impact of photosynthesis (both positive and negative) on humans and environmental health. Support your response with specific, real-world examples.

In tripartite symbiosis among a photosynthetic plant, a fungus, and parasitic ants, what advantage is there to the fungus, given that the ants eat the fungus?

Which of these is a difference between DNA and RNA? There is more than one correct answer.

Group of answer choices

-DNA is usually single-stranded while RNA is usually double-stranded.

-The deoxyribose in DNA lacks an O atom, while the ribose in RNA has an O atom.

-DNA has T while RNA has U.

-The deoxyribose in DNA has an O atom, while the ribose in RNA lacks an O atom.

-DNA has U while RNA has T.

-You can make a double helix with RNA, but not with DNA.

Activity 2. Now that you know the essential terms in climate and biodiversity, let us try to check your understanding of these terms. In the space provided, differentiate the following:

1.   Deciduous forest from evergreen forest.

2.   Woodland from shrubland

3. Tropical rainforest from tropical seasonal forest

4. Savanna from thornwood

5. Weather and climate

1. Which of the following statements concerning the progressive stages of development is not accurate?  (check all that apply)

1. specialization occurs as a hiearchy of developmental decisions
2. interactions become increasingly restrictive, each stage limits development fate
3. with each new stage, cells become determined in their development
4. variation begins with zygotic gastrulation patterns

What does LPS stand for, in what Gram type of bacteria is it found and where, and what is it composed of?

A patient takes a nitroglycerin tablet subligually for chest pain. Nitroglycerin acts directly on smooth muscle, producing relaxation and vessel dilation. How would this relieve chest pain?

How does the level of development of vascular tissue in the mosses indicate their evolution and overall relatedness to the liverworts and hornworts?