Kirby- Bauer Antimicrobic sensitivity

Please give a brief answer

Why is it necessary to consult the Kirby-Bauer Evaluation Table before reporting the sensitivity of a bacterium to a given antimicrobic?

For each statement below, indicate if it is TRUE or FALSE and explain why.

(a) All highly conserved stretches of DNA in the genome are transcribed into RNA.

(b) To find functionally important regions of the genome, it is more useful to compare species whose last common ancestor lived 100 million years ago rather than 5 million years ago.

(c) Most mutations and genome alterations have neutral consequences.

(d) Proteins required for growth, metabolism, and cell division are more highly conserved than those involved in development and in responding to the environment.

(e) Introns and transposons tend to slow the evolution of new genes.

Suppose that an animal inhales a radioactive isotope of oxygen whose location can be traced in the animal. Where would the radioactive oxygen atoms eventually show up?

There are many adaptions that embryophytes have made when moving on to land and dealing with aridity. What is an example of adaptations related to photosynthesis?
A) C4 & CAM B) Using nitrogen-fixing bacteria C) Phloem D) Wood E) Lichen symbiosis

. Identify the type of POINT mutation (BASE SUBSTITUTION or frameshift mutation)in the following gene, also identify if it results in a silent, missense or nonsense mutation.

A. Template strand 3’ GGG TAC CCA ATG AAC CAA ACT AGC 5’

B.Write mRNA sequence

C.Write amino acid sequence

D.Now, Replace the base “C” (7th letter from 3’ end) with the base “A”

E.Write mutated gene 3’

F.Write mRNA sequence:

G.Amino acid sequence:

H.Identify if it is a base substitution or a frameshift mutation? __________________________.

I. What is the effect of this mutation (silent or missense or nonsense) ____________________

Suppose you are interested in measuring people’s weight. Provide an example of a nominal, an ordinal, an interval, and ratio scale that would accomplish this.

Neurobiology

1.What signaling pathway is activated when enkephalins bind to the m-opioid receptor? What are 2 actions of m-opioid receptor activation that block pain sensation (nociception) at the relay synapse between nociceptive neurons and projection neurons in the spinal cord? Who do these actions block nociception?

A presentation on maltose standard curve

Explain how a specific organism or group of organisms captures energy so it may be stabilized in further processes for use at another time

The peptide hormone (protein based hormone) Oxytocin is normally produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. Where is the polypeptide strand of oxytosin synthesized? A. Ribosomes in the cytoplasm B. RNA polymerase in the nucleus C. Ribosomes associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum D. Ribosomes associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum E. Golgi apparatus

1. Suppose that you isolated an enveloped icosahedral RNA virus. Purified RNA from this virus is capable of supporting translation in a rabbit reticulocyte cell‑free translation system or in any other such system. Further analysis indicates that this virus replication is not inhibited by actinomycin D, a strong inhibitor of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Based on this information, discuss the mechanism by which this virus replicates its genome in infected susceptible, permissive cells.

Please give more information that ties in replication of viruses with RNA genomes, and how the virus replication not being inhibited by actinomycin D plays a role too.

How do plant and animal cells differ? What type of fluid movement do each have?

I only need assistance in answering Part 2 questions. Part 1 was included for background information. Please and Thank You!

Part I – Infertility Issues
Jane sat nervously in the examination room. She had no idea what to expect. Her husband, Brian, gave her a

reassuring smile and squeezed her hand. There was a knock on the door and then it opened to admit the physician.

“Hello, Jane. I’m Dr. Klein and I’ll be doing your fertility assessment today.”

“It’s nice to finally meet you Dr. Klein. This is my husband, Brian.” The two men smiled at each other and shook hands.

Dr. Klein sat down on the stool and opened up a thick file. “Jane, I’ve looked over the medical files that you had sent over to our office and I’ve examined the preliminary blood tests you had done at our office last week. I just need to ask you a few questions, and then we’ll do a quick examination to help me try to get to the cause of your fertility issues.”

“Sure, I’ll answer the best I can. Was anything missing from my medical records?” Jane asked, concerned that she had forgotten to send something the doctor would need. “We’ve been trying to get pregnant for two years and nothing has worked. We both want kids so badly, and a friend recommended you, so I hope you can help us.”

Dr. Klein smiled kindly at Jane and Brian. They were young, and there was no obvious explanation in Jane’s file for her infertility. Dr. Klein’s initial notes about Jane’s medical history and recent blood tests included the following:

• 28-year-old Caucasian female.

• Diagnosed at 14 with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).

• Diagnosed with anemia in her early 20s; current hemoglobin levels at 7 gm/dl.

• Active lifestyle until past year; used to exercise daily and run half marathons until recent joint pain hindered her.

• Broken wrist last year after a minor fall.

• No history or abnormal pelvic exams or PAP smears.

• Hormone levels (estrogen, progesterone, LH, and FSH) in normal ranges.

• Patient reports her menstrual cycles are not very regular.

• Positive for several classes of autoantibodies.

  Looking up from his notes, Dr. Klein asked, “Jane, have you been able to control your IBS symptoms? Do you still have bouts of diarrhea or constipation despite a healthy diet?”

  “I’ve never really been able to control the symptoms as much as I’d like,” Jane said. “It’s something I’ve just learned
  to live with. I’ve tried all sorts of different diets and nothing seems to help. I felt a little better on the new low carbohydrate diet that people have been talking about, but it was really hard to stick to.” She looked questioningly at her husband, silently wondering what her stomach problems could have to do with her fertility issues.

“When Good Antibodies Go Bad” by Cozine and Gripka Page 1

“One of the things we test your blood for are the presence of autoantibodies. Recent studies indicate that women with infertility problems may have higher levels of autoantibodies in their blood. Your test results show that you are positive for several autoantibodies at levels higher than we would expect in a healthy female.” Dr. Klein could see the obvious confusion on Jane and Brian’s faces. “Do either of you know what antibodies or autoantibodies are?”

Questions

1. Pretend you are Dr. Klein and first explain what an antibody is to Jane and Brian.

2. Relate the basic definition of an antibody to explain an autoantibody in terms Jane and Brian will be able to understand.

3. What are three examples of autoantibodies that can be detected and the diseases they are associated with?

4. Given her digestive problems and the presence of autoantibodies (indicating that her condition is autoimmune), what are some possible diseases (besides IBS) that Jane might have?

Part II – Getting the Diagnosis Right

“I don’t understand,” Jane said looking at Dr. Klein. “What does my immune system have to do with my infertility issues?”

“Infertility can unfortunately be a complication of several autoimmune diseases. Given your history of gastrointestinal issues along with the presence of several specific autoantibodies I believe you may have Celiac Disease. I would like you to see a gastroenterologist to confirm the diagnosis,” Dr. Klein explained.

Brian interrupted, “But I thought Jane has irritable bowel syndrome? Did the IBS cause the Celiac Disease?”

“No, I fear that Jane may have been misdiagnosed with IBS when all along she had Celiac Disease. The two can have similar symptoms, but there are tests that can definitively identify Celiac Disease,” Dr. Klein explained.

“If I get treated for Celiac Disease, will I be able to have a baby?” Jane asked fearfully.

Dr. Klein patted Jane’s hand, “Let’s get the test results back and make sure we understand the cause of your intestinal issues, and then we’ll concentrate on your infertility.”

“I don’t think I understand,” Jane said looking from Brian to Dr. Klein. “You explained to us what an antibody is and I thought they were good, so why would they cause disease? I don’t know how I could have gotten an autoimmune disease in the first place. I’m pretty healthy. I exercise and try to eat right. What could I have done differently?”

Questions

1. Briefly describe what Celiac Disease is.

2. How is Celiac Disease different from gluten intolerance or sensitivity?

3. What specific autoantibodies are tested for in Celiac Disease? What other diagnostic tests will be performed on Jane?

4. Suppose that Jane stopped all gluten intake before her autoantibody tests were performed. How do you think this change in diet would affect her test results and diagnosis?

5. Jane is concerned that she could have prevented herself from getting an autoimmune disease. What are some risk factors for autoimmune diseases in general? Looking at these risk factors, could Jane have done anything to prevent the development of her disease?

6. What hypotheses are often used to explain the trigger/onset of autoimmune diseases?

What are some ways the evolution of plants is applied to daily life, medicine, or research?

Describe these two techniques: co-immunoprecipitation and sandwich ELISA. For each technique, be sure to explain its purpose and describe the main steps involved in carrying out the technique.

Please answer everything with detail and I will leave a like!