1. Arrange the following molecules from least to most specific with respect to the original nucleotide sequence: RNA, DNA, Amino Acid, Protein.

2. Identify two structural differences between DNA and RNA.

3. Suppose you are performing an experiment in which you must use heat to denature a double helix and create two single stranded pieces. Based on what you know about nucleotide bonding, do you think the nucleotides will all denature at the same time? Use scientific reasoning to explain why.

EXPERIMENT 1: CODING

1. Using the red, blue, yellow and green beads, devise and lay out a three color code (or codon) for each of the following letters (codon). For example Z = green : red : green.

• C:

• E:

• H:

• I:

• K:

• L:

• M:

• O:

• S:

• T:

• U

• Start:

• Stop:

• Space:

PLEASE LABEL WITH NUMBERS ON SIDE/ ALSO TYPE ANSWERS AS I CANT READ HANDWRITTEN ANSWERS

Describe the experimental basis for the following fundamental principle about mutations:

“The mutational process is random in the sense that whether a particular mutation happens is unrelated to any adaptive advantage it may confer on the organism in its environment. A potentially favorable mutation does not arise because the organism has a need for it.”

What are some enzymatic challenges used by plants to evolve under increasing co2 concentrations and where does each carbon cycle pathway give benefit to the plant?

Write a 500 word essay on why eliminating carcinogens from the environment would be a more successful strategy than attempting to find a cure for cancer. You can organize the essay as if it were a rhetorical (argumentative) essay.  1) Introductory paragraph that includes your point or view, three reasons that you will argue (ordered from strong to strongest), and some background, 2) Paragraph 2: argument in favor of point 1 (strong point), 3) Paragraph 3: argument in favor of point 2 (stronger point), 4) Paragraph 4: argument in favor of point 3 (strongest point), and 5) Paragraph 5: summary of argument (powerful restatement of first paragraph).

Quarantines of different kinds are imposed in pandemics. Lockdowns, shelter in place, stay at home like legal orders are invoked by the governments and are implemented with the help of law enforcement agencies (if required). Such regulations create ethical issues of privacy & its violation. Please discuss all the above in the light of Coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic. Write in no less than 1 page & no more than 2 pages

Why is cumulative incidence difficult to measure directly? Name one reason and explain why.

Compare and contrast SYBR Green versus TaqMan?

What would you expect to see if you placed a bead soaked in FGF8 on the segmental plate of a chick embryo?

Match each phrase on the left with the best term on the right. You may only use each number only once.

A 24-year-old female was hospitalized with a 10 day history of increasing fever, one or two severe shaking chills daily, and progressive weakness. A chronic, nonproductive cough, which the patient attributed to moderately heavy smoking, probably had become more prominent during the two or three weeks preceding hospitalization. A diagnosis of primary thrombocytopenia had been established approximately one year previously, based on the presence of splenomegaly. Initial physical findings included a temperature of 102 F orally, a pulse of 110 per minute, respiration’s 24 per minute, and a blood pressure of 110/70 mm Hg. The patient appeared acutely ill, dyspneic, and extremely apprehensive. Conversation was difficult because of intermittent paroxysms of coughing, which produced no sputum. Several nontender lymph nodes, up to 1 cm in diameter, were readily palpable in each axilla. The spleen was enlarged, with a firm, nontender edge descending at least 6 cm below the left costal margin on deep inspiration. Initial lab data include a total leukocyte count of 20,800 per cubic mm, a differential of 42% neutrophils, 25% band forms, and 19% lymphocytes, and a hematocrit of 42; the platelet count was 2,120,000 per cubic mm. Chest X-ray revealed a moderately dense pulmonary infiltrate extending out from the right hilum into the right lower lobe. One of the two blood cultures obtained at the time of admission to the hospital and before any antimicrobial agents were administered yielded a slow growing gram-negative bacillary rod. It was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The attending physician elected to initiate antimicrobial therapy with penicillin G administered intravenously, 2.5 million units every six hours. Because of the febrile course, with spiking fever ranging as high as 105.6 F, evidence of an increase in the right lower lobe infiltrate on a subsequent X-ray, and the report of a gram-negative bacilli in one of the two blood cultures, penicillin therapy was discontinued and cephalothin therapy was initiated. A lung biopsy of the right lower lobe was performed and the specimen revealed many focal granulomas consisting largely of histiocytes and epithelioid cells, with some areas of necrosis and caseation. Innumerable acid-fast bacilli were present.

What is the microbe?

A housewife fixed lunch for herself and two others. The lunch consisted of home-canned gefilte fish (served cold with horseradish on toast) soft drinks and milk. She ate two portions of gefilte fish, her employee ate one portion and her daughter-in-law ate half a portion. Four hours later, she complained of headache, epigastric distress, hoarseness and slight dyspnea. The epigastric distress continued. She vomited repeatedly and experienced dryness of the mouth, weakness, constipation, and urinary retention. Examination by a physician revealed an anxious woman with labored respirations (26 per minute); a blood pressure of 80/58 mm Hg, and a pulse rate of 110 beats per minute. The pupils were equal in size but somewhat dilated; they were reactive to light. Extraocular eye movements were normal, and no facial weakness was noted. Her throat and mouth were dry, and her voice was hoarse. The chest was normal to auscultation and to percussion. The abdomen was soft and nontender, with decreased bowel sounds. Deep tendon reflexes were normal. Because of a history of mild hypertension, the findings of tachycardia and hypotension and the history of substernal distress suggested the possibility of a myocardial infarction. The patient was hospitalized. Lab findings included normal results for a complete blood cell count and urinalysis. Values of serum electrolytes, bilirubin, amylase, and protein determined on serum from blood drawn the morning after admission were all within normal limits. Chest and abdominal X-ray films were interpreted as normal. An EKG was unchanged from previous tracings. The patient was treated symptomatically with antacids, nasogastric suction, and intravenous administration of fluids. Three days later the patient had a cardiopulmonary arrest and was resuscitated. Spontaneous respiration did not occur, and breathing was maintained on a mechanical respirator. No apparent benefit resulted from 80,000 units of bivalent (types A & B) and 10,000 units of type E antitoxin, which were administered intravenously. The next day the patient died. Autopsy showed generalized ischemic changes in the central nervous system and moderate arteriosclerosis of the coronary arteries with slight hypertrophy of the left ventricle. The liver and the spleen were enlarged and hyperemic. The lungs showed pulmonary edema with focal acute bronchopneumonia. The other two patients survived the infection.

Regarding DNA extraction:

1) Describe the purpose of each of the following steps or reagents used in DNA isolation (in detail):

- Using fresh vs. dried specimens

- Grinding or tearing tissue

- Lysis solution

- TE buffer

Describe the unique qualities of cyanobacteria with respect to energy production.

If an enzyme found in human cells would be affected by Sofosbuvir, which eukaryotic enzyme would it most likely affect?

a) DNA Polymerase

b) RNA Polymerase

c) Telomerase

d) Reverse Transcriptase

Thank you!

for the Biodiesel Production process

1. Describe the biochemical pathway that occurs in the biodiesel production process
2. Which enzymes participate in the selected industrial process
3. Classify enzymes according to their activity
4. Establish optimal pH and temperature conditions for the functioning of these enzymes.
5. Consult the factors that inhibit the activity of the enzymes that participate in the selected industrial process.