1a) What are the differences between biological replicates and technical replicates? Explain. What are the appropriate applications for each?

1b) Explain why statistical analysis of whole genome expression data (e.g., fpkm or tpkm from RNA-seq data) require using different criteria for statistical significance between experimental and control samples than analyzing differences in expression of a single gene (e.g., ΔC_t or ΔΔC_t values from RT-qPCR) ?

1c) How have biologists addressed the concerns of part b?

The RY13 strain of the bacteria E. coli makes the restriction enzyme EcoR I, which cuts at the sequence GAATTC. this occurs thousands of time in a full chromosome. Why doesn’t the enzyme cut the chromosome into tiny bits, killing the bacterium?

how and dumpy interact such that flies who are homozygous for the dumpy LOF mutation (dp) and heterozygous for the complete LOF mutation of how (h-) have wild type wings (normal length).

Mutants when dealing with only one gene (wildtype/normal phenotypes are dominant to mutant phenotypes):

dp/dp = truncated (short) wings

h-/h- = dies when trying to exit pupae

Mutants with the two genes interacting (wildtype/normal phenotypes are dominant to mutant phenotypes; so if there is even one dp+ allele they will have wildtype/normal length wings):

dp h+/ dp h+ = truncated wings that can fold down

dp h+ / dp h- = wild type wings (can fold down and are normal length)

dp h- / dp h - = dies when trying to exit pupae

You mate two wild type flies who are both carriers for the dumpy LOF mutation (dp) and the complete LOF how mutation (h-). They both have the same genotype: h- dp / h+ dp+.

dumpy and how are 9 map units apart. If the cross produced 1000 larvae how many, on average, would grow up to have truncated wings? Remember, the complete loss of function mutant dies when coming out of its pupal case, the larval stage is before the pupal stage.

Select one:

a. 2

b. 90

c. 0

d. 4.5

e. 9

Answer all three prompts.

1. Explain the roles of each structure in bacteria cells.

2. Explain how bacteria cells make energy for cellular processes.

3. How are plant cells, animal cells, and bacteria cells different?

A new model of transgenic vole was created in which all females are spontaneously maternal. Which experimental manipulation would you expect to cause this result?

A) over expression of oxytocin in the ventral pallidum

B) over expression of D2 receptors in the caudate putamen

C) over expression of vasopressin receptors in the nucleus accumbens

D) over expression of oxytocin receptors in the nucleus accumbens

Question 1 (1 point)

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Imagine that you are working with DNA sequences of soluble proteins (not membrane proteins) and have the technology to genetically engineer/alter the existing sequence and you can express this particular protein in a yeast cell model.

You also have the power to track and visualize where the genetically engineered proteins traffic in your model system.  

You engineer an ER signal sequence to the amino-terminal end of a normally cytosolic protein.   

Which best describes the fate of this protein?

Question 1 options:

Question 2 (1 point)

You engineer an ER signal sequence to the carboxyl-terminal end of a normally cytosolic protein.   

Which best describes the fate of this protein?

Question 2 options:

Your supervisor wants you to dilute a 1 mL stock BSA solution (1 mg/mL) into 1:10 dilutions. What is the final concentration of diluted BSA solution? Show your work. How much volume (mL) of BSA and distilled water would you need to perform the dilution? Show your work.

Question 20 (Mandatory) (1 point)

Select all of the following which could cause an anemia that is classified as normocytic/ normochromic.

Question 20 options:

Question 21 (Mandatory) (1 point)

Which of the following is NOT associated with a spectrin abnormality?

Question 21 options:

Question 22 (Mandatory) (1 point)

Stomatocytes can be seen in increased numbers on the slide due to poor slide making technique.

Question 22 options:

Question 23 (Mandatory) (1 point)

Abetalipoproteinemia will show which of the following on the peripheral blood smear?

Question 23 options:

Question 24 (Mandatory) (1 point)

A decrease in all cell lines is referred to as ______________________.

Question 24 options:

Question 25 (Mandatory) (1 point)

Rh null disease is associated with the presence of ____________________.

Question 25 options:

1.Imagine a locus with two alleles, A and a, in a wild population of touch-me-not (Impatiens capensis) plants,which has both out crossing and selfing flowers.40 AA, 2 Aa, and 18 aa genotypes are found among 60 individuals.

a.Calculate the allele frequencies p= freq(A) and q=freq(a)

.b.How many individuals of each genotype would be expected if the HW assumption were met?

c.Is this population in HWE? Explain your answer.

d.Uh oh,bad year for pollinators!What would be the genotype frequencies in the next generation if the plant only produced selfed progeny? (Hint: the coefficient of inbreeding for selfing in a diploid is 0.5.This is because the chance of the two alleles in the selfed offspring being identical-by-descent one generation back is 1/2).

e.Oh no, it looks like the pollinators are gone forever!What would be the frequency of heterozygotes at equilibrium (i.e. after many,many generations of selfing)

Why do evergreen plants of northern wetlands have many xerophytic features? Should this also be true for deciduous plants in these habitats?

How might you distinguish between a lymphocytosis from an infection versus one from a malignancy?

Your neighbors have been feeding the birds – a lot – and now they’ve got rats in their yard, happily feasting on the leftover birdseed. You don’t want the rats near your house, and having little regard for the life of vermin, you decide to place a little “deterrent” on your property. Nosing around in a lab, you find arsenic. OK, you are smart enough not to actually use it, but you can’t help but think about it...

If a rat ingests arsenic, the enzyme __________________________ will be inhibited, and the metabolic intermediate ___________________________ will NOT be converted to ___________________________ which is the key entry point to the energy-generating pathway known as the ___________________________. Instead, this metabolic intermediate will be shunted into the metabolic pathway known as ___________________________ which does not require the function of the inhibited enzyme. The glucose- derived end-product of this pathway is ___________________________ and the net energy yield from glucose is ___________________________ NADH and ___________________________ ATP.

Can you please write about DNA extraction from blood and preparation of blood samples for DNA extraction. This is the protocol:

1.Take 750 μl of blood from each blood sample, and transfer it to new 1.5ml tube;
2. Mix 750 μl of blood with 1ml RBC lysis buffer, respectively (avoid stock contamination by not touching the walls of tube by pipette tip);
3. Centrifuge at 2300 rpm for 5 minutes;
4. Take out the liquid, keep the pellet;
5. Mix 1 ml of RBC lysis buffer with pellet in 15ml centrifuge tube;
6. Add PBS up to 14 ml by pipette controller (increase volume and contrast);
7. Centrifuge at 2200 rpm, at 4°C, for 5 minutes
8. Discard the supernatant, keep the pellet;

9. Add 1 ml of RBC lysis buffer;
10. Add PBS up to 10 ml;
11. Centrifuge at 2200 rpm, at 4°C, for 5 minutes;
12. Discard the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 1 ml of Trizol;
13. Store the samples at -20°C

Can you explain the protocol, why are we doing these steps. Also if you can say the function of each chemical:

• RBC lysis buffer
• PBS
• Trizol

Thank you in advance. I really really need your help.