How do cells get transformed with the SV40 DNA virus.

What is role of extracts where antibodies are made in and the T antigen in this process.

1-In green plants and algae the red and blue wavelengths of light are predominantly used. Describe an experiment that can be used to test this. 100 marks

2-Describe either 1) peat bogs or 2) cloud forests and explain why they are important habitats for bryophytes. 100 marks

The electron transport chain has two diffusible electron carriers, ubiquinone, which shuttles electrons to the third mitochondrial complex, and cytochrome c, which shuttles electrons to the last mitochondrial complex (see figure below). Would it be possible for cells to use only one of these two diffusible electron carriers to shuttle electrons at each of these two steps of the electron transport chain? Why or why not?

What is an alternative to use of STRs in DNA fingerprinting, and why do we use STRs instead?

discuss the constitution that makes up whole blood

Explain why, in any DNA molecule, the % adenine = % thymine, and the %cytosine = % guanine.

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Q:1. A strain of living Streptococcus pneumoniae that cannot make a capsule is injected into mice and has no adverse effect. This strain is then mixed with a culture of heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae that when alive was able to make a capsule and kill mice. After a period of time, this mixture is injected into mice and kills them. In terms of horizontal gene transfer, describe what might account for this.

Q:2. A Gram-negative bacterium that was susceptible to most common antibiotics suddenly becomes resistant to several of them. It also appears to be spreading this resistance to others of its kind. Describe the mechanism that most likely accounts for this.

DIscuss Alberch’s experiments on limb development in Ambystoma mexicanum, epigenetic processes, and saltation in morphological evolution.

Normally after birth, the blood entering the right side of the heart (right atrium) is low in oxygen, while the blood leaving the left side of the heart and entering the body’s main circulation (the aorta) is high in oxygen. However, sometimes the foramen ovale fails to close after birth. What effect will this have on the level of oxygen in the blood that leaves the heart to enter into the aorta? Fully explain why.

1.When the substrates bind to the active of an enzyme, the active site changes shape. This is an example of: a) lock & key model; b) inhibitor model; c) allosteric model; d) induced fit model; e) none.

2. The change in free energy at equilibrium is: a) increased; b) decreased; c) no net change

3. You have a gram of each of the following: bacon grease, lean ground turkey and bread. Which on has more potential energy and why? a) bacon/fewer bonds; b) turkey/more bonds; c) bread/less bonds; d) grease/more bonds; e) turkey/less bonds; ab) bread/more bonds; ac) all of these are equal; ad) none of them

• the anatomy and physiology of respiration (e.g., explain how breathing works);