1. What other factors will promote oxygen release from hemoglobin? What factors promote binding of oxygen to hemoglobin?
2. High levels of CO2 will promote oxygen release/binding (Pick one). Explain in terms of metabolic pathways why high levels of CO2 would promote release/binding of oxygen
3. How does the protein sequence of hemoglobin differ from normal hemoglobin? How does this change affect the structure of the protein? Explain what happens on the protein level to cause the sickling of the Red blood cells.

How can examples of organisms and traits that exhibit different combinations of presence and absence of homology and/or analogy be used to indirectly test hypotheses of “descent with modification,” natural selection, the “law of succession,” vestigial traits, and convergent evolution. What explains repeated independent evolution of traits?

Give one reason why ascorbic acid is important to human health

Re: Lab #3, explain how you were able to determine the amount of ascorbic acid that was present in your unknown solution. (Please be sure to include the equipment used and the procedure followed.)

Why is it important for a person to know how much Vitamin C is contained in their food?

1- All of the following are types of modifications that can result in an active, functional protein EXCEPT:

a. Covalent disulfide bonds between cysteine amino acids

b. Cleavage of proteins

c. Glycosylation

d. Addition of lipids to the N- or C-terminus

e. Amyloidosis

2- All of the following are reversible protein modifications EXCEPT:

a. Proteolysis

b. Phosphorylation

c. Acetylation

d. Methylation

e. Ubiquitination

3- How can protein-protein interactions regulate enzymes?

a. These interactions change the pH of the local environment, causing enzymes to be less efficient

b. These interactions change the conformation of the enzyme, which may inactivate the enzyme

c. These interactions change the enzyme’s amino acid sequence, which may enhance enzyme activity

d. These interactions prevent translation of the enzyme’s mRNA, leading to lower levels of the enzyme

e. These interactions send enzymes out of the cell, so that they can no longer catalyze cellular processes

1) How would you increase the genetic diversity of the island populations with a low F coefficient?

2) If you can increase the genetic diversity on the island, what would you think would happen with the F value and would this change be fast or slow, and why?

Plasma hypocalcemia would stimulate the activity of  

This month, there was fanfare about the first case of using CRISPR invivo to treat Leber’s congenital amaurosis 10 (LCA10) which is a leading cause of blindness in childhood. This is due to mutations in a large gene, CEP290.

The article comments that:

“For the latest trial, the components of the gene-editing system – encoded in the genome of a virus — are injected directly into the eye, near photoreceptor cells.”

A. Specifically, what components are the authors referring to when they say “the components of the gene-editing system – encoded in the genome of a virus”?

B. How is the zinc finger technology similar to the CRISPR approach?

C. What is a potential risk of using the CRISPR technology invivo?

D. If there was a suitable safe harbor, or the possibility to use a AAV virus to replace the mutant CEP290 gene in the photoreceptor cells (Similar to replacing the CNG3B channel using AAV5). What would be the potential difficulties compared to fixing the gene with CRISPR?

E. If the mutation in the CEP290 gene was known to be a premature stop codon, would the gene therapy be the safest approach to treat this disease?

i) How does the ability of phyla Annelida to move compare with the phyla Platyhelminthes, which prominently use adhesive/releaser glands to facilitate movement? Describe their movement using two examples from specific groups of annelids (structures & how it's used) in one or two paragraphs. ii) Describe the circulatory & nervous systems of phyla Annelida and how they relate to their metamerism. Finally, iii) compare your answer from part iii with the myriapods found in the phyla Arthropoda.  

What were Patterson's three different tests for morphological homology? Define parallelism, serial homology, and convergence and in detail and explain how Patterson's tests distinguish homology from them?

Lab Report 8: Energetics: Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Fermentation

Some leaves are variegated. That is, they display colors other than green (e.g. the Coleus plant).

Still other plants have leaves that contain areas of white. Use the information from the lab to

identify the probable source of ATP for plant cells located in the white regions of the leaf.

There is a mutation in corn that produces albino (white) plants. What is the potential for long-

term survival of these white corn plants? Explain.

Use the summary equations for photosynthesis, respiration, and the interaction of water and

carbon dioxide to explain the color changes observed with Elodea grown in Phenol Red.

Are yeast cells autotrophs or heterotrophs? Explain why you think so.

Explain the following statement.

All food energy ultimately comes from the sun.

Combustion of organic molecules (e.g. wood, fossil fuels, etc.) produces carbon dioxide, carbon

monoxide and other substances. Carbon dioxide and other gases are so-called greenhouse gases that can contribute to global warming and climate change. Based on the experiments and

demonstrations we have done today, what is an other effect might increased environmental

carbon dioxide might have on aquatic environments? (Hint: Phenol Red color change)

What kinds of approaches might reduce the amounts of carbon dioxide accumulating in the

atmosphere?

What is the meaning of the quotation at the beginning of this lab exercise?

Keeping the functions of water in living things in mind, describe both how too little or too much water can move an individual away from homeostasis. What happens to the structures of the body with too little or too much water intake?

Microbial Growth and Urinary Tract Infections

Discouraging Growth

Read this case file, and complete the activities that follow.

Twenty-five-year-old Lisa visited the doctor’s office where I work, complaining of symptoms of a urinary tract infection. Her symptoms included burning discomfort during urination and increased frequency of urination. Lisa has had numerous infections of the urinary tract within the past year for which she had been prescribed antibiotics. Although the antibiotics cleared up the infections quickly, Lisa was frustrated with the frequency of her uncomfortable urinary symptoms. Lisa asked me how she could prevent urinary tract infections in the future. “Well,” I said. “There are a few things you can do to decrease the number of infections you’ve been having. The first is to make sure that you are drinking plenty of water. Another thing you can do is drink cranberry juice daily. There are chemicals in cranberry juice that block the attachment of bacteria to the urinary tract. I’ve also read that the juice will help to create a more acidic environment in your bladder and will hopefully discourage the growth of bacteria."

Environmental factors influence the ability of microbes to survive and flourish. The body is normally maintained in a narrow pH range. Secretion of alkaline or acidic urine via the kidneys is one of the mechanisms used by the body to maintain normal pH. Most bacteria involved in UTIs (urinary tract infections) make the urine more alkaline by splitting urea into ammonia and other alkaline products. Cranberry juice keeps the urine acidic, making urine a less hospitable environment to bacteria attempting to gain a foothold in the bladder. Temperature is another environmental factor that influences microbial growth. Fever is thought to be the body’s natural response to invasion by bacteria, or the body’s way of making the internal environment less favorable for the growth of bacteria. Fever raises the core body temperature as much as 2°C to 3°C above normal. Some bacteria cannot tolerate higher temperatures, preferring a lower body temperature to multiply.

1. In the case, the patient is treated with antibiotics for her UTIs. Which type of organism must the physician suspect is causing her infections?

• Bacterium

• Virus

• Fungus

• Prion

2. The physician suggests that Lisa consume cranberry juice to prevent her recurrent UTIs, due to the fact that the juice makes the urinary tract more ______.

• alkaline

• basic

• acidic

• mucoid

3. The physician informs Lisa that cranberry juice appears to reduce the ability of microbes to attach to the urinary tract. Which structures are used for attachment in microbes causing UTIs?

• Cilia

• Fimbriae

• Endospores

• Pseudopods

4. Most bacteria associated with UTIs make the urine more _______, creating an environment favorable for their growth.

• viscous

• alkaline

• mucoid

• acidic

5. Which of the following signs in the patient would indicate that their body is fighting the microbes causing the UTI?

• Pain in the bladder

• Elevated respiratory rate

• Fever of 102 degrees Fahrenheit

• Low blood pressure

(a) Define epidemic, endemic, pandemic, disease outbreak and disease cluster

(b) Briefly discuss the CDC recommended 12 steps involved in a disease outbreak investigation. Which step is the most important/challenging one in the current Coronavirus disease outbreak? Why?