1. Discuss 4 - 5 features how prokaryotes in general are different from eukaryotic members. Include how prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes belong to the microbial world.

1. Which experimental treatment/s would have E. coli cells that are genetically identical to original cells used to set up the experiment? Explain why they are likely to be genetically identical.
2. For bacteria transformation to occur cells must allow foreign DNA to pass across the cell membrane.
   1. What is one advantage to allowing transformation?
   2. What is one disadvantage to allowing transformation?

Material:

• Plant tissue (strawberries or split peas)
• 400-mL beaker
• Blender
• Table salt
• Tablespoon
• 1/8 teaspoon
• Liquid detergent
• Test tubes and test tube rack
• Meat tenderizer
• Glass rods
• Ice-cold 70–95% ethanol
• Ice-cold dH₂O
• Strainer

Procedure – DNA Extraction

1. Combine in a blender:

• 1/2 cup frozen green split peas or approx. 1/2 cup frozen strawberries
• 1/8 teaspoon table salt
• 1 cup cold (refrigerated or use ice to chill) water

2. Cover and blend on the high setting for 30 seconds.
3. Pour the blended material through a strainer into a 400-mL beaker. Discard the solid material trapped by the strainer into the trash. This step removes the seed coat and the cell walls from the plant cells.
4. Add 2 tablespoons of liquid detergent to your beaker and swirl to mix. Let the mixture stand for approximately 10minutes. Detergents dissolve lipids, such as phospholipids in plasma and nuclear membranes.
5. Obtain a test tube for each member of each of your group.pour the mixture into the test tubes until they are each about 1/3 full.
6. Add a pinch of meat tenderizer to each test tube and stir gently with a glass rod. if you stir. vigorously, you will break the DNA into short strands that are had to see. Meat tenderizer contains enzymes that digest histones, the proteins around which the DNA is wound.
7. Tilt your test tube and slowly pour cold 70-95% ethanol down the side of the tube so it forms a layer on top of the DNA mixture until you have the same volume of alcohol as the DNA mixture.
8. After a few minutes, the DNA will rise into the alcohol layer. DNA forms a whitish layer at the interface between the alcohol and the lower cell debris-containing layer.

1:Why did you add detergent to the homogenized tissue sample?

2:How did you remove the cell walls.

3:Why did you add meat tenderizer to your test tubes?.

4:What are histones

Discuss what Darwin observed during his voyage on the Beagle. How did those observations lead to his theory about common descent with modification?

Use the scientific method in your discussion.

• Step 1: What did he observe?
• Step 2: What was his hypothesis?
• Step 3: What prediction was made based on his hypothesis?
• Step 4: How can the prediction be tested using similar observations?
• Step 5: What was the conclusion?

Your response must be at least 200 words in length.

1.   Describe why it is easier to genetically transform single-celled bacteria compared to multi-cellular animals?

2 List two bacterial traits that will be altered by bacterial transformation with pGLO plasmid?

3. List two bacterial traits that will NOT be altered by bacterial transformation with pGLO plasmid? That is, the traits will be the same in transformed and untransformed cells.

1. Learning to read is similar to learning to talk for most people.

a. True

b. False

2. Our eyes constantly jump around with movements known as _______________.

a. saccades

b. scotopics

c. subitizing

3. Which of the following can disrupt reading? (Select all)

a. Group of answer choices

b. Uncommon vocabulary

c. Text on a noisy background

d. Centered text

e. Plain language

4. Feature-driven reading is sometimes referred to as _____________ reading because it combines angles, curves, shapes, etc. into recognizable morphemes and words.

a. context-free

b. top-down

back-up

For each of the following tRNA anticodon sequences, determine which amino acid would be charged onto the tRNA. (note: these are ANTIcodon sequences, not codon sequences) If more than one tRNA is necessary to recognize all codons for that amino acid, state the anticodon sequences of the other tRNAs that would also be charged with that amino acid. If a given sequence is not a possible tRNA anticodon sequence, explain why not.

A. 5’- IAU - 3’

B. 5’- GCC - 3’

C. 5’- CCG - 3'

D. 5’- UAU - 3’

E. 5’- AGG - 3’

F. 5’- ICA - 3’

Now, for any one of the possible tRNAs, sketch a ribosome with the charged tRNA interacting with an appropriate codon in the A site. Then show two things that must happen before that tRNA can be found in the ribosome’s P-site.

Some photosynthetic Cyanobacteria can fix N2 to NH4 + (using the enzyme Nitrogenase) when they are otherwise starved for nitrogen. They sense nitrogen starvation by sensing an excess of the amino acid Glutamate (Glu) within the cell. If there is adequate nitrogen, much of the Glutamate is converted to Glutamine (Gln), so that the [Glutamate] remains low.

A. SKETCH the photosynthesis system in a typical aerobic Cyanobacterium. Be sure to show how O2 is involved, and how the three main forms of energy are generated.

B. When the [Glu] gets too high, the genes for Photosystem II are shut off, and the Nitrogenase genes are turned on. Assume that the Nitrogenase genes are under Negative control, and the PS-II genes are under Positive control. Make sketches showing how [Glu] affects both of these operons. Then explain each regulatory scheme in words. Be sure to label the regulatory proteins (‘A’ for activator and ‘R’ for repressor protein).

C. On your diagram from part (A), show and explain how turning off the genes for Photosystem II will affect the photosynthetic electron flow in this Cyanobacterium? Why is it important to turn off Photosystem II before the cells produce Nitrogenase?

D. Nitrogen fixation by Cyanobacteria (even with the normal regulation, as described above) is a lot more effective if the Cyanobacteria are grown in co-culture with nitrifying bacteria. Explain why the co-culture with nitrifiers helps with the process of nitrogen fixation.

Describe a purification scheme that starts with a mixture of cells, virions and proteins and ends with a tube containing pure virions. Or, how about obtaining a supernatant solution containing only pure virions?

What are 2 other cell types that the basophil cell interacts with, the results of that interaction and why they’re important. Please give detailed descriptions.

I was considering t cell, mast cell or b cells?

Question:

Is there a difference between oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes?

1. Yes, oncogenes are genes that can cause cancer when they become mutated to become proto-oncogenes, whereas tumor suppressor genes play no role in cancer.

2. Yes, oncogenes prevent cancer from forming unless they are mutated to become proto-oncogenes, whereas tumor suppressor genes stimulate the formation of cancer even in the absence of mutation.

3. No, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes both stimulate the development of cancer, even in the absence of their becoming mutated.

4. Yes, oncogenes are mutated versions of genes that promote abnormal cell division (such as ras), whereas tumor suppressor genes are genes that normally hold cell division in check when it is not appropriate .

5. No, since both types of genes contribute to the development of cancer, there is no difference between them.

which is correct?

functions of glycolipids

9)List three modern challenges in public health microbiology and potential ways to mitigate them.