Phylum Arthropoda Discussion:

5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having an exoskeleton?

6. Define metamerism and tagmatization and discuss the advantages of these characteristics.

7. What are a crayfish’s gills attached to? Why?

8. Many arthropods undergo metamorphosis. Name a possible advantage of this process.

Compare/contrast how you think these sugars below would be metabolized by yeast. Be sure to explain your reasoning refering to their molecular structures.

Glucose

Sucrose

Maltose

Lactose

Starch

QUESTION 1

1. Muscles can use ketone bodies, glucose, and fatty acids for energy.

   True

   False

1 points   

QUESTION 2

1. Lysine and arginine are the only purely ketogenic amino acids.

   True

   False

1 points   

QUESTION 3

1. Arginine is a precursor for the synthesis of nitric oxide, a free radical gas.

   True

   False

1 points   

QUESTION 4

1. If thrown into a lake, a 10-pound slab of butter would sink to the bottom.

   True

   False

1 points   

QUESTION 5

1. Certain saturated fatty acids are called ‘essential fatty acids’ (EFAs) because we cannot synthesize them, yet we need them for several key biological functions.

   True

   False

1 points   

QUESTION 6

1. Cholesterol esters are weakly amphipathic.

   True

   False

1 points   

QUESTION 7

1. For a protein to be efficiently degraded by the proteasome, it must first be polyubiquitinated.     

   True

   False

1 points   

QUESTION 8

1. Animals are dependent on plants and certain microorganisms for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing organic compounds.

   True

   False

1 points   

QUESTION 9

1. Endogenous TAGs and fatty acids are carried to the liver by chylomicron remnants.

   True

   False

1 points   

QUESTION 10

1. The surface lipids and proteins of lipoprotein particles have many covalent bonds between them that stabilize the particles during transport through the bloodstream.

   True

   False

1- Which geological period saw the highest diversity of fishes? List the three main groups of armoured fishes that coexisted and radiated in this period and their main characteristics. Provide some possible explanations for their extinction.

2-Explain how a white shark (Charcharodon charcharias) located 2 km away from a sea lion (Family Otariidae) can successfully detect and capture it. Describe all the possible senses and anatomical structures involved in providing information to the shark as it homes in on the unsuspecting sea lion. Also include in your answer the predation strategy of the shark, from attacking, to killing and eating its prey.

Demonstrate BY DRAWING the Nephon  

1. Be sure to draw the following:
   1. Glomerulus
   2. PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT, Collecting Duct
2. Using arrows, demonstrate filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in your drawing
3. 3. Using arrows show, the active / passive transport of Na, Cl, water, Amino acids, glucose, K, NH₄, Urea, and HCO₃

_{ALSO PLEASE ***Please don't copy and paste a picture from the internet***}

1- Make two labelled drawings: 1) a lancelet, and 2) a benthic tunicate. Then discuss why both organisms are placed in the phylum Chordata.

2-Describe a) the mammal characteristics and b) the Carnivora characteristics evident in a domestic cat Felis silvestris catus.

1-a)List the defining characteristics of the Chondrichthyes. b) Draw a simplified phylogenetic tree for cartilaginous fishes and outline the characteristics of the three main types.

2- Describe the main evolutionary steps involved in the conquest of landmasses by vertebrate organisms during the Devonian period.

1-Explain six of the following terms with reference to the Mollusca. In your answer be as comprehensive as possible regarding each term and use illustrations. a) mantle cavity, b) radula c) ctenidia, d) Monoplacophora, e) trochophore, f) pulmonate gastropod, and g) torsion.

2-Describe how the gnathostomes developed a jaw, and discuss how this adaption has benefitted later chordate species.

1) Describe the use of Small SubUnit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences for the identification of bacteria in microbial communities. 100 marks

2) Describe how the genetic content of a bacterium determines the bacterium’s activities and behaviours. 100 marks

1- What is the purpose of the IMViC series of tests? Explain the underlying biochemistry of each reaction and describe how each test is carried out. 100 marks

2-“The human microbiome is our newest organ.” Discuss this statement with references to the normal flora inhabiting different body sites and its associated benefits.100 marks

1. What is lactose?  
2. What codes for the production of the repressor?  
3. Why would the bacteria want to regulate the production of certain genes?  
4. When would the repressor be bound to the lac operon?  
5. What would happen if the repressor binds to the operator in the lac operon?  
6. What happens when there is lactose in the environment?  

Question: You perform a lab where you are instructed to observe the characteristics of a lipid molecule in oil and water and are told to conduct 3 trials each time for the lab. You noticed that you get the same observations for all 3 trials for the lab. Explain in detail why you were asked to complete 3 trials? Why were you not asked to complete 1 trial?

21. What is the ecological significance of the glomeromycetes (Glomeromycota)?

22. What are arbuscules?

23. Mycorrhizae are symbiotic relationships between fungi and ___________________________ ______________________________________.

24. What does each partner get from their mycorrhizal association (how does each partner benefit)? Explain.

25. The ascomycetes (Ascomycota) are commonly called the sac fungi. They produce reproductive structures called ________________________ that contain sexual spores called ___________________________________. The reproductive structures and their spores are housed within the cup-like structure known as an___________________________________.

26. List some examples of pathogenic (disease-causing) ascomycetes:

27. List some examples of useful ascomycetes:

28. After going through meiosis to produce four haploid nuclei, the ascomycete nuclei divide by _______________________________ to produce eight haploid ascospores.

29. The familiar fungi known as mushrooms belong to the group of fungi known as _____________________________________ (phylum = _____________________________).

30. The structures that produce spores within mushrooms are called _____________________. The mushroom structure itself is called a ______________________________.

31. List some beneficial aspects of the basidiomycetes:

32. List some harmful basidiomycetes:

33. What are “gills” in the mushroom group?

34. What is a lichen? Explain, in some detail.

35. How does each partner benefit in a lichen? Explain.

36. What is the ecological significance of lichens?

37. There are some plants that require mycorrhizal associations. List some types of plants or plant environments that require mycorrhizal associations for the healthy growth of the plant. Know some common examples of fungi and which group they belong to. For example, mushrooms; yeast (including those in bread/beer and in yeast infections); bread mold; Penecilium; puffballs, chytrids; truffles; ring worm/athlete’s foot; Aspergillus.

38. How are blue stain fungus, pine trees, and bark beetles connected? Explain.

39. How are fungi, bats, and white nose syndrome connected? Explain.

40. What are entomopathic fungi? Explain.