Describe how transfer RNAs (tRNAs) fulfill their role in protein synthesis. Give an example.

At the end of the electron transport chain, all of the following statements are correct, EXCEPT:

Select one:

a. produce most of the ATP needed for life

b. The oxygen taken in during respiration is used to produce carbon dioxide during the Kreb cycle.

c. oxidize glucose metabolites to produce carbon dioxide, water and ATP

d. the electrons combine with oxygen and protons to form water

1. Write ten exam questions in your own words and provide good answers for the questions.  
2. Five of your questions should cover terms from the material on The Digestive System, and five of your questions should cover terms from the material on The Urinary System.
3. No more than two of your questions can be true/false style questions.
4. No more than four of your questions can be multiple choice style questions.
5. At least two of your questions must involve providing at least one full sentence to answer the question.

Describe the role of the bifunctional enzyme in the reciprocal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

1. Antibiotics are more effective when the bacteria causing an infection are actively growing. Why do you think this is? During which phase of growth( lag,log,stationary,or death) do you think antibiotics are most effective?

Bower birds are unique to Australia. These ground dwelling birds build elaborate grass nests and decorate them with brightly colored objects (often bits of trash and plastic) to attract a female. The birds use all sorts of colorful items and arrange their displays to try to be most appealing to the female (either using all one color of item or creating a rainbow jumble of plastic trash!) and arrange them artfully to attract females. The females choose their mates based on the brightness and elaborateness of the male’s nest displays. Why might these birds have evolved into such fantastic animal architects?

1. The heritability of an animal’s preference for different habitats or host plants might be high or low. How might heritability affect the likelihood of sympatric speciation by divergence in habitat or host preference?

What is CreERT2? Give an example of how it can be used

First outline the general scheme for signal transduction or the "players" involved in transmitting a signal across a membrane. Explain how a signal transduction system amplifies the original signal. Then explain how membrane fluidity and induced changes in protein structure are critical for this signaling mechanism.

3. Ecological Categories Insect activity at a dead body can be divided into four major categories matching the ecological role they play. Some insects are attracted to a dead body and use the body as a source of food. Other insects are attracted to a dead body to feed on the first group, the insects that are using the body for food. "It's a bug-eat-bug-word, out there!" And some insects are attracted to a dead body to use as an extension of their habitat. Below are examples of each. (The links included direct you to optional BugGuide pages where you can read more about the insect groups.) 1. Necrophagous species: (the word necrophagous is from nekros, from the Greek meaning dead, and phagein, meaning to devour). Necrophagous insects feed on the body and are the most important species in establishing time of death because insects that find and use a dead body as a source of food arrive in a predictable sequence based on the state of decomposition of the body. These insects are referred to as indicator species. Examples: o Blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are metallic blue or green flies slightly larger than a house fly. They are also known as bottle flies. They are attracted to the odors of decay and may find a dead body within hours. The female fly deposits masses of eggs around body openings and the eggs hatch within 24 hours. The larvae feed on dead animal tissue though at times are found dung, and similar materials. When fully grown the larvae pupate on the body or in the soil under and around the body. Newly emerged adult flies will not return to the body to lay more eggs. o Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) are medium-sized and resemble the blow flies and house flies. Flesh flies are dull colored with black and gray stripes on the thorax and checkering on the abdomen. The flesh flies show up on a dead body slightly later than the blow flies. Flesh flies do not lay eggs. Instead the females deposit first instar larvae that were hatched internally, directly on the body. o House flies (Diptera: Muscidae) do not show up until the body is in advanced stages of decomposition. o Carrion or burying beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae) adults may feed on decaying animal tissue, though their larvae feed on the fly maggots feeding on dead animals. They are therefore slight later to arrive on the scene than are the flies. o The larvae of carpet beetles and larder beetles (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) feed on dried organic material, including carrion. 2. Predators and parasites of the necrophagous species mentioned above are the second most important group in forensic entomology. These arrive after the first wave is wellestablished. Examples: o The larvae and adults of burying beetles (already mentioned) consume flesh, but also eat fly larvae found in the carcass. o Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) prey on maggots that are feeding within carrion. 3. Omnivorous species: wasps, ants, and some beetles feed both on the corpse and its inhabitants 4. Adventive species: use the corpse as an extension of their environment, that is, primarily a place to hide. o Collembola- springtails o Spiders In some situations, based upon an understanding of the life cycle, habits and biology of these carrion-associated insects, the presence of particular species can provide not only clues to the time of death, but also to the general location of death (e.g. city vs. rural areas) and possibly whether the person died inside a building or outdoors. These clues are based upon the biological and ecological characteristics of a particular species; their life cycles, and seasonal and geographical occurrence.

The rate of development (that is, growth) of blow fly and flesh fly larvae is variable but predictable, which allows them to be used to estimate time since death. How are the age of maggots collected by a forensic entomologist at the scene, the surrounding environmental conditions, and the postmortem interval connected? This is supposed to be an easy question, even if awkwardly worded. Don't make it harder than it is. What external factor determines how quickly or slowly a maggot grows and therefore the age and the size of collected maggots?

On paper, create an animation for all of the major steps in meiosis (listed below) based on the dihybrid maize cross that you analyzed in lab. For this animation, show two sets of chromosomes:

               (1) A pair of large chromosomes that has the P locus.

               (2) A pair of small chromosomes that has the Su locus.

This animation must be drawn, and cannot incorporate any scanned or otherwise copied images from any other source. It’s fine to use other images or figures as a guide for creating your animation, but you must create your own figures by hand.

Your animations must include the following:

• Chromosomes must include the respective allele for the P or Su locus. (You must have some indication of which allele is on each chromatid, and this labeling should be included at all stages of meiosis.) Use the same notation that you employed in the maize lab to indicate which allele is carried by each homolog (P or p and Su or su)

• Each stage of meiosis must be a separate drawing. You must have a drawing for each of the following stages:
  • Interphase stage before DNA replication
  • prophase I
  • metaphase I
  • anaphase I
  • telophase I
  • prophase II
  • metaphase II
  • anaphase II
  • telophase II.

• For this animation, do not show any crossing over events.  

Purines synthesis

begins with a purine skeleton that will be attached to ribose 5-phosphate once it's complete.

results in the production of deoxyribonucleotides first.

is completed without folic acid.

begins with ribose 5-phosphate.

1. Do you think diseases due to eukaryotic microorganisms are easier or harder to treat than those due to prokaryotic microbes? Explain your answer. include the references