Fungi secrete many chemicals that are beneficial to humans. Name two of these chemcials and the fungi that produce them.

Before the understanding of bacteria and archaea as distinct domains, what characteristics were used to define 'prokaryotes"? Select the cell components that were believed to be lacking before genetic and genomic analyses proved otherwise.

membrane-bound nucleus

an endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes

a plasma membrane

Golgi apparatus

cytoskeleton

Read about the Germ Plasm theory. Propose any experiment that would act as a proof or germ plasm theory of inheritance.

provide the correct marine ecosystem.

17. A marine ecosystem located in soft-bottomed intertidal zones of the tropics. In the United States, the dominant organism can be any one of four large shrubs/small trees.

18. A marine ecosystem located in the temperate neritic zone. The dominant organism
is a protist.

21. Most sea turtles hatched along the East Coast of the United States will spend ten or so of their earliest years living in this marine ecosystem.

provide the correct freshwater ecosystem.

29. Areas of saturated ground, receiving water from rainfall and springs, rich in minerals, less acidic that

If a diploid cell has 4 chromosomes at interphase (before S phase), how many chromosomes AND sister chromatids will it have at each of the following phases?

Prophase 1

Metaphase 1

Anaphase 1

Telephase 1

Prophase 2

Metaphase 2

Anaphase 2

Telephase 2

Complete Three concept maps representing 1. Meiosis, 2. Oogenesis, 3.Menstrual cycle.

Q1 ) Nutrient broth is referred to as a general purpose medium. Explain what is meant by this statement.  

When considering your answer, you may wish to consider what substance nutrient broth is prepared from in addition to the further information about microbiological growth media on pg. 45 of the practical manual.

page 45 => Bacterial growth media – nutrient broth

The medium used in this practical session to study the growth of bacteria is a liquid medium termed nutrient broth (NB). It is a general-purpose meat-based medium used for routine culture of many bacteria that do not have special growth requirements.

Nutrient medium of various kinds is available commercially (from companies such as Oxoid and Difco) as a desiccated product (i.e. a powder). To prepare nutrient broth, water is added to an appropriate quantity of the powder and the dissolved product is dispensed in the required quantities (e.g. as 10 ml broths). It is then sterilised by autoclaving (steam under pressure for an appropriate time) to kill all contaminating life-forms. Once sterile, it can be stored at room temperature until required.

Describe the normal cellular functions of tumor suppressor genes and explain their roles in cancer. List all possible mechanisms by which tumor suppressor genes are inactivated and explain. Explain why loss-of-heterozygosity of a particular chromosome/chromosomal region in tumor DNA suggests the existence of a tumor suppressor gene in that region.

Please type answer, hard to read handwriting on written responses.

1. Describe the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cell walls. Explain which stains bind to gram positive and which ones bind to gram negative cells. Which of these bacteria is more susceptible to antibiotics and why?

ŕeview the polymeerase chain reaction pcr and arrange the sentences into a logical paragraph

1. What is the function of skeletal muscle?

2. Describe the major components of skeletal muscle cels:

• Myofibrils
• Sarcomeres
• Motor unit
• Neuromuscular junction

3. How does skeletal muscle produce movement?

4. How do actin and myosin interact in a sarcomere to bring about muscle contraction? What roles do ATP and calcium play?

5. What is the functiion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cell contraction?

6. Explain why calcium ions and ACh are vitals for muscle contraction.

7. What is a motor unit? Why does a rapid series of muscle twitches yield a stronger overall contraction than a single twitch?

8. What are the structural and functional differences between slow and fast muscle?

9. The__________and__________systems work together to move the body and specific body parts.

10. The 3 types of muscle tissue are:

11. Muscle fibers shorten when__________slides over__________

a. myosin, actin b. actin, myosin c. myoglobin, actin d. myosin, sarcomeres

12. The__________is the basic unit of muscle contraction.

a. myofibril b. sarcomere c. muscle fiber d. myosin filament

13. Skeletal muscle contraction requires__________

a. calcium ions b. ATP c. arrival of a nerve impulse d. all of the above

14. Nerve impulses first stimulate a skeletal muscle fiber at___________

a. T tubules b. sarcomeres c. neuromuscular junctions d. actin binding sites

15. Mention the muscles located in:

• Torax
• Abdomen
• Arms
• Legs
• Back
• Gluteus

BIO 474 Mid Term Review

1) Describe attributes of the active transport of ions and, specifically, characteristics of the electrogenic Na - K pump. How does active transport maintain homeostasis?

2) Describe the ionic basis of the resting potential and briefly outline the derivation of the Nernst potential. What are typical Nernst potentials for K+, Na+, Cl-, and Ca++? What influences might these potentials have on ionic currents in neurons?

3) Describe the voltage-clamp, how it is used to investigate voltage-dependent phenomena like the action potential. What are the membrane mechanisms (citing evidence) underlying the various "magical" properties fo the action potential?

4) Describe the unitary signal-channel events that can be recorded with patch-clamp electrodes. Name techniques for recording currents from single ion channels? How are those events related to membrane proteins (e.g. associated with the action potential) and to the large net currents recorded in standard voltage - clamp records?

5) Describe the evidence for quantal release of neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction, including those involving calculations of number molecules released.

6) Describe the following synaptic phenomena: adaptation, desensitization, facilitation, Post-tetanic potentiation, Neuromodulation. Describe the following modes of neural integration: spatial and temporal summation, convergence/divergence, feedback inhibition and excitation, reciprocal inhibition, and serial/parallel processing.

7) Draw and describe a cellular model for associative learning in some molecular detail. List 6 ways neurons can change PRE - synaptic and/or Post - synaptic actions/responses.

Which forces acting on locomotion are most important for movement on land, in water, and in air? What adaptations in form provide for more efficient movement (function) through different media (e.g. air, water)