How does one differentiate between joint mobilizations and chiropractic adjustments?

Identify the physiological basis that results in each of the following states on a neuron membrane: resting membrane potential, depolarization, maintenance of resting membrane potential. Be sure to identify the specific ion channels that are involved.

Discuss two important functions of the lymphatic system in the human body. Be sure and give detail as to how this function helps maintain homeostasis and fluid balance. At least 300 words

Immunology:

We have seen that inherited conditions in which an individual lacks antibodies can be treated by the intravenous administration of gamma-globulin from donors. Briefly indicate how the following donor characteristics may affect the “quality” of gamma-globulin obtained.

a) Age

b) Geographical location (relative to recipient)

c) Occupation

Case Study num22

please answer 1-5

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic disease, and every health professional will need to understand how it works and identify common emergency situations related to it. But an equally important part of the health professional's role is patient education and explaining what happens in the disease process. After they go home, diabetes patients will have to manage this complex disease every day.

You are working in the free clinic when Father X comes in. You know him well; he is a type 2 diabetic who keeps his sugar under control with diet and exercise but is often in the clinic with homeless patients from the shelter he runs in the Episcopalian church down the block.  

1. Insulin and glucagon release from the pancreas is a vital part of the negative feedback loop that regulates blood glucose levels. Write out this feedback loop and predict how insulin levels will respond to blood glucose. When will insulin levels be highest during the day? When will they be the lowest?

-

On this visit, Father X has brought in a thin man in his twenties named Joe. Joe appears confused and lethargic. He is breathing heavily and has a strong fruity odor. Father X tells you he is concerned about Joe because last night Joe was up every half-hour or so to use the bathroom and get water. Father X knows these are signs of diabetes, so he wants to get Joe checked out. He also tells you that Joe has not been drinking; they have a breathalyzer at the shelter, and Joe tested clean when he checked in the night before.

Joe's blood pressure is a little low at 95/60 mm Hg and his heart rate is a little high at 96 bpm. When you take his pulse, you notice that his skin is dry and “tents” up when pinched--a sign of dehydration. His respirations are more rapid than normal, 25 breaths/min., and heavy. His blood glucose is elevated at 320 mg/dL. His urine also contains glucose, and has a lower pH than normal. When you take his history he tells you that type 1 diabetes runs in his family.  

2. Normally, urine does not contain glucose. When blood glucose levels are elevated, however, some of the glucose is lost in the urine. Apply the principle of osmosis to explain why Joe was getting up all night to use the bathroom, and why he has low blood pressure and signs of dehydration.

-

3. In type 1 diabetes, the cells in the pancreas which produce insulin are destroyed. Which cells are these? The cells which produce glucagon, however, are not affected. Which cells are these? What will glucagon cause Joe's cells to do?

-

4. People with type 1 diabetes commonly have high blood sugar levels but lose weight. Based on the effects insulin and glucagon have on cells, explain this. What compounds do you expect the cells to release into Joe's blood?

-

5. The odor on Joe’s breath is from ketones. Why would a man with type 1 diabetes develop high blood ketone levels?

-

Why does the cerebral cortex have both visual cortex and a visual association center? What would be the result if the visual cortex was damaged but not the association center? what would be the result if the visual association center was damaged but not the visual cortex?

Question 5. Explain how vaccinations protect against diseases. Specifically, discuss the immune cells involved in providing immunity.

Question 6. Explain why some vaccinations need a “booster shot”.

Question 7: The microbiome contains an ecosystem of microorganisms/foreign antigens. Why doesn’t the body attack the gut?

Discuss the physical differences between veins and arteries that give them their unique physiological differences. Be sure to discuss things like elastic fibers and other important structural components. At least 300 words

1. What is the function associated with each of the following structures?

1. Retina
2. Fibrous tunic
3. Choroid layer
4. Suspensory ligament
5. Optic nerve
6. Lens
7. Cornea

-Explain how the kidney and small intestine assists in the regulation of cardiovascular functions such as blood pressure, blood volume, or blood solute concentration. Describe how these organs use specific hormones to control blood concentrations and what effects it has on other systems. As you mention the specific hormones make sure to mention where they are released from (specific region within the organ), what triggers their release and the direct effects they have on the blood and body functions. Lastly mention what would happen if the small intestine were removed or if the kidneys were impaired (disease or donation).

1. Explain the difference in the axon structure when comparing myelinated vs. non-myelinated neurons in PNS. How does such a difference affect the action potential?
2. How does a nerve cell create and maintain resting membrane potential?

1.

What statements about muscle cells and ATP are TRUE? There may be more than one answer. Select one or more:

a. Muscle cells involved in aerobic metabolism have longer endurance and have greater force generating capacity than muscles involved in anaerobic metabolism.

b. Muscle cells involved in aerobic metabolism have longer endurance but have smaller muscle mass than muscles involved in anaerobic metabolism.

c. When muscle cell is at work, creatine kinase will convert ADP + creatine into ATP + creatine phosphate.

d. When muscle cell is at rest, creatine kinase converts ATP + creatine into ADP + creatine phosphate. e. Muscle cells involved in aerobic metabolism have a lower threshold for muscle fatigue compare to muscles involved in anaerobic metabolism.

2.

Which of the following statements about glucose metabolism is TRUE? Can be more than one answer

Select one or more:

a. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol with or without oxygen present inside the cell.

b. At the end of glycolysis, 1 molecule of glucose is converted into 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH.

c. The net products of anaerobic metabolism are 2 pyruvate + 2NADH   + 2ATP.

d. One molecule of glucose is first converted into glucose-6 phosphate by hexokinase.

e. In the intermediate steps between glycolysis and Kreb cycle, 2 pyruvate + 2 Coenzyme A molecules in the mitochondrial matrix will give rise to 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 CO₂ + 2 NADH.

3. What are the correct statements about glucose transporters (GLUT)?

Select one or more:

a. GLUT-2 is found at the liver cells and beta cells of the pancreas.

b. GLUT-4 is found at the working muscle cells and adipose tissues.

c. GLUT transporters move glucose via simple and facilitated diffusion.

d. When insulin binds at the tyrosine kinase receptor of the resting muscle cells, the reaction will promote GLUT-2 insertion at the cell membrane

e. When the resting muscle cells are active during exercise, muscle cells become independent of insulin.