Question

Question 5. Explain how vaccinations protect against diseases. Specifically, discuss the immune cells involved in providing immunity.

Question 6. Explain why some vaccinations need a “booster shot”.

Question 7: The microbiome contains an ecosystem of microorganisms/foreign antigens. Why doesn’t the body attack the gut?

Answer 1

1.Vaccines contain inactivated or killed Antigens or pathogens which cause disease.These vaccines are given either orally or injected.when these vaccines are given they cause activation of some immune cells they are Bcells and T cells.B cells are immature cells they are activeted to mature cells called plasma cells they cause the production of antibodies against the antigens that are given through vaccination and these antibodies destroy Antigens thus conifers the immunity.When the body is infected with same antigen in the future these antibodies recognise the antigens and destroy them in this way the vaccination protects against disease.These vaccination also activate specific T cells like Th which produces effector antibodies against antigens in vaccine.These vaccines are given to children they prepare body to fight against disease without exposing to it.The immune cells such as B cells and T cells involved in providing immunity.

2.Some diseases like Hepatitis are resilient than other diseases .During the time progresses body can loose the antibodies first provided by vaccination. So to continue preventing disease we need booster shot.

3.The normal flora of gut seem to have evolved in parallel to animals including humans that they have inhabit.They occupy the ecological niches within and on the body.Many of the oraganisms are not pathogenic even when displacd from ussual locations.And also our immune system has the capability to distinguish between self antigens microbes which are not pathogenic.This is a self tolerance.The gut flora are essential microbes but not harmful to the body .They help to maintain Digestive health and influence the immune system and boost it.