After the experiment, the researchers discovered that one participant in the high fat group was currently taking two prescribed drugs: orlistat (lipase inhibitor) and colestipo (bile acid sequestrant) and one participant in the high protein group was currently taking a prescribed proton pump inhibitor (reduce stomach acid production).

How is gastrin, CCK, motilin, secretin and GIP impacted by the prescribed drug/medication for each respective meal and explain the impact (i.e. does the prescribed drug/medication affect the release and/or action of the hormone?)

- Orlistat and a high fat meal

- Colestipo and a high fat meal

- Proton pump inhibitor and a high protein meal

A 26-year-old male prisoner begins a hunger strike to protest what he considers unfair prison policies. He drinks only tap water, and his only exercise is two daily half-hour walks at approximately 2.5 miles/hr. The temperature in his cell is maintained at 220C. His starting weight is 70 Kg, of which 14% is body fat. At the end of 4 weeks, he is urged by the prison physician, family, friends, and his attorney to stop his fast because of his deteriorating conditions.

a. What changes in plasma levels of energy substrates would occur in the first 3 days of his fast?

b. On what immediate and on what ultimate sources of energy would brain metabolism depend?

c. What role would the liver play in providing energy sources to the brain and muscles?

d. What early changes in plasma levels of hormones would occur? How would this regulate his energy metabolism?

e. What physiologic events would occur when he stopped his fast by drinking a large quantity of a high glucose fluid?

4. The mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system in the brain determines our perception and response to rewarding stimuli. Explain the function of this reward system in food choice and consumption.

1. Patients suffering from burns consistently show elevated levels of potassium in their urine. Describe the mechanism behind this observation and why it is important to keep plasma potassium concentration held in a very narrow range?

Please give a detailed answer. thank you.

b) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of glycolytic metabolism (anaerobic glycolysis).

COMMENT/RESPOND TO THIS DISCUSSION:

"Before answering this question, I have to conduct a research. Through my research I found that fish is the recommended source for omega-3 fatty acids. Relying on supplements is not a bad thing to do but it is not recommended. Supplements are good for people who suffer from heart disease. Because they have to consume Dha and Epa daily. People on these supplements have to be careful with the doses because it has side effects. It can cause them to bleed and mess with their immune system. A diet rich in fatty fish provides a wealth of healthy benefits. I know that some people have problems with the way that seafood (fish) can smell or taste, so fish oil is an option for them. Fish oil supplement can reel in the important omega-3s you need. Omega-3s are polyunsaturated fatty acids that are essential for healthy diet. They play a crucial role in how the body’s cells function and can help reduce cardiovascular risks and much more. Omega- 3s have been shown to reduce inflammation in the body and can decrease symptoms associated with arthritis and chronic disease. "The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends eating a three-ounce serving of oily fish at least two times a week to get the heart-healthy benefits from omega-3s," (AHA, 2015). People don’t eat fish because it can be costly. Some people just don’t like it and others worry about the mercury levels. At the end of the day, but we need those omega-3s in our diets. Fatty fish is a better option if you want the full omega-3 fatty acid health benefits. Studies have shown that fish, in addition to providing cardiovascular benefits, is loaded with healthy vitamins and minerals as well as protein that you just can't get from fish oil supplements"

3. Both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic processes supply exercising muscle with ATP and the contribution of each depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise.

a. Describe the anaerobic processes of ATP production.

b. Describe the aerobic processes of ATP production.

c. Give the rates and endurance of ATP production of each process.

Fill in Table 1 with the resting membrane potentials reported in different cell types, and different organisms (ie squid, frog, etc) – Discuss the findings – is the resting membrane potential different in different tissue types? Is the resting membrane potential different in the same tissue but from different animals? Discuss why there are differences and what the likely reason for it is physiologically.

Table 1: RMPs of different cells

Explain what factors, structures, and ion channels contribute to establishing and maintaining the resting membrane potential. Draw a cell and show all relevant contributors to the resting membrane potential with explanations of how they contribute to establish and maintain the resting membrane potential.

What cells have a resting membrane potential? Is it only nerve and muscle (excitable) cells?

____ 5. Malignant tumor that develops from bone marrow and occurs most commonly in adolescent boys

____6. Metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis characterized by excessive uric acid in blood and around the joints

____ 7. Rupture of the nucleus pulposus between two vertebrae

____ 8. Skeletal disease affecting older adults; also called osteitis deformans

____ 9. Chronic, systemic disease characterized by inflammatory changes in joints and related structures, resulting in crippling deformities

____ 10. Fragment of a necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue

____ 11. Increased curvature of the thoracic region of the vertebral column, leading to a humpback posture

____ 12. Abnormal sideward curvature of the spine to the left or right

____ 13. Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by severe muscular weakness and progressive fatigue

____ 14. Damage incurred to the capsule of the shoulder joint that is reinforced by muscles and tendons

____ 15. Trauma to a muscle from overuse or excessive forcible stretch

____ 16. Puncture of a joint space with a needle to remove fluid

____ 17. Visual examination of the interior of a joint performed by inserting an endoscope through a small incision

____ 18. Forward curvature of the spine in the lumbar region, leading to a swayback posture

____ 19. Removal of necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue

____ 20. Spasmodic contraction of neck muscles, causing stiffness and twisting; also called wryneck

What hormone RECEPTOR is found in the membrane of both an ovarian follicular cell and a testicular Sertoli cell and from where does this hormone originate?

one-two sentence answers, please.

Why does untreated diabetes cause glucose to be present in collecting duct fluid?

one-two sentence answers, please, that must include the terms: PCT (proximal convoluted tubule) - “reabsorb” or “reabsorption”.

Please match each term with the appropriate definition.

1)  _____ Synapse

2)  _____ Dendrite

3)  _____ Neurotransmitter

4)  _____ Axon

5)  _____ Myelin

6)  _____ Action potential

A. The portion of the neuron that receives information from the environment

B. The portion of the neuron that conducts action potentials

C. The tiny space between the neuron sending the signal and the cell receiving the signal

D. Special chemicals used to send a signal across the synapse

E. A wave of depolarization and repolarization that travels down an axon

F. A lipid sheath that surrounds and insulates the axon

how is calcium homeostasis using all the systems relevant to its regulation?

What is immune memory and how does it involve lymphocytes?