Answer the following questions as they relate to the process of myocardial disease.

           Be specific.

• What is happening during the myocardial disease process? What does increased resistance in arterial blood vessels result in?
  • Differentiate between stable and unstable angina.
• What kind of compensation occurs as cardiac output initially goes down as heart tissue becomes more and more hypoxic?
• Describe what happens to the myocardial cells over time.
• How is the renin-angiotensin system involved?            

Discuss in detail chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

• Compare and contrast chronic bronchitis and emphysema (include manifestations, etiologies, diagnosis and treatment).
• Describe the pathophysiology of COPD (include heart, kidney, respiratory muscle compensations, pH discussion, ventilation/perfusion mismatching)
• What is the significance of the central chemoreceptors in the brainstem in relation to the body's response to these conditions. Why may it be dangerous to give patients high flow oxygen?

Provide some examples of applications of different tests and hedonic sensory tests. (Analytical tests, triangle test, duo-trio test)

Would lowering a neurons intracellular (k) by 1 mMs have the same effect on resting membrane potential as raising the extracellular fluid (k) by 1mM?

What cranial nerves are responsible for movement of the eyeballs?

TRUE OR FALSE

1. In the primary immune response, there is no antibody production in the the lag phase, only B cell proliferate and differentiate.

2.Rh factor is an antibody found on the red blood cells of Rh positive people.

3.In the process of hemostasis, formation of platelet plugs and fibrin clots occur simultaneously.

4..Neutrophils are a critical component of the response to a parasitic infection.

5.Helper T cells are critical for proper activation of both CD8 T cells and plasma cells during adaptive immune responses.

6. The thymus is the site of maturation of B cells.

Explain in depth the countercurrent multiplication and countercurrent exchange mechanisms. Describe fully their roles in urine production. Please make reference to osmolality changes that occur throughout the nephron and also make note of the loop of Henle.

A 66-year-old man went to his doctor for evaluation of ongoing episodes of chest pain, being lightheaded and shortness of breath with exertion, 2 weeks ago he fainted while going up the stairs. His chart showed a heavy calcified aortic valve and his valve area is 40% of its normal size.

What is the most likely diagnosis for this patient's condition?

if the patient is not treated in time what will happen, to his stroke volume?

what are the treatment options?

2. Hyponatremia is usually corrected by a decrease in antidiuretic hormone.
True
False

3. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding lipid metabolism?
       It occurs if the body cannot make enough energy from glucose.
       It produces ketone by products.
       It can lead to a fruity smell to the urine and breath.
       It will occur after carbohydrate and protein metabolism efforts have been exhausted

7. What is secreted by the alveoli cells that prevent the lungs from collapsing between each breath by reducing surface tension?
       Surfactant
       Mucous
       Pulmonary fluid
       Water

13. Which is true regarding the small and large intestine?
       The large intestine will absorb water from the remaining indigestible food.
       The small intestine finishes the mechanical digestion process.
       The duodenum is the portion of the small intestine connected to the large intestine.
       The small intestine uses only segmentation motility.

19. Which of the following is a benefit to the inflammatory process?
       It helps spread of pathogens throughout the body.
       It stops the repair process.
       It acts as an alarm for the adaptive immune system.
       It initiates the production of antibodies.

23.

1. The extracellular fluid is about 1/3 of the overall body water content.

   True

   False

What are the five (5) functions of the respiratory system and each of their description?

What's the structure and function of the respiratory membrane and its explanation?

What are the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

True or false

1.In the primary immune response, there is no antibody production in the the lag phase, only B cell proliferate and differentiate.

2. The hydrostatic pressure gradient drives water_________capillaries, and the colloid osmotic pressure drives water_______capillaries.

out of; out of out of; into into; out of into; into

3. When B cells are activated, they differentiate into:

Plasma cells

Memory cells

more than one answers are correct

none of the answers are correct

4.HIV specifically infects the cytotoxic T-cells necessary to activate both B-cell and T helper cell immune response.

5.Arteries always carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and veins always carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart.

6. Your friend tests her snake-wrangling skills on an eastern diamondback rattlesnakes and is bitten injected with the snake’s venom. In the ER, doctors administer the antivenin CroFab, which contains antibodies to the toxins in snake venom. This is an example of artificially acquired ____?__immunity and will not confer any lasting protection to your friend.

7.Lymph from the lower limbs drains into the right lymphatic duct.

In detail describe the correct treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and explain why:

In detail describe the correct treatment for Hepatitis and peptic ulcers and explain why: