42.(Extra credit) Which of the following is largest?
A. The number of bones in the adult pelvis
B. The number of bones in the right upper appendage
C. The number of bones in the skull (not counting accessory bones) D. The number of bones in the vertebral column
E. The number of true ribs

43.List all of the types of motion possible for the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint.

44.List four types of connective tissue proper.

45.What is the anatomical definition of a membrane (with reference to tissues, not cells)? Give two examples of membranes in the body.

47.Which four layers are typically found in the epidermis layer of thin skin? Describe one thing about each layer.

18.The stem cells of the epidermis are found in the A. Dermis

B. Stratum basale
C. Stratum corneum
D. Stratum granulosum E. Stratum lucidum

19.The movement of the interphalangeal joints as a person makes a fist is known as A. Abduction

B. Adduction
C. Circumduction D. Extension
E. Flexion

20.Which of the following people is most likely to get scoliosis? A. A person who falls on his head
B. A pregnant woman
C. A teenaged boy

D. A teenaged girl
E. An elderly woman

21.When you stand on your tiptoes, the movement at the ankle joint is known as A. Dorsiflexion
B. Downward rotation
C. Extension

D. Lateral flexion E. Plantar flexion

22.Which of the following structures is found in the knee, but not in the elbow? A. Annular ligament
B. Condyle
C. Joint capsule

D. Meniscus E. Tuberosity

23.Which of the following joints is made primarily of fibrous cartilage? A. Atlantoaxial joint
B. Costal cartilage
C. Intervertebral disc

D. Sternoclavicular joint E. Zygapophyseal joint

24.Medial rotation of the radio-ulnar joint is also known as A. Circumduction
B. Inversion
C. Left rotation

D. Pronation E. Supination

25.Which joint type contains a joint capsule? A. Gomphosis
B. Symphysis
C. Synchondrosis

D. Syndesmosis E. Synovial

26.Which of the following ribs is a floating rib? A. 1

B. 7 C. 8 D. 10 E. 12

27.This bone articulates directly with the radius A. Clavicle

B. First metacarpal C. Pisiform
D. Scaphoid
E. Trapezium

28.A difference between connective tissue and epithelial tissue is A. Cells in connective tissue are held together by tight junctions B. Cells in epithelial tissues are regularly found in lacunae
C. Connective tissue normally contains more cells

D. Connective tissues may be involved in storage of fat E. Epithelial tissues often produce collagen fibers

29.A person with very dark skin will have more __________ than a person with very light skin

A. Blood
B. Carotene
C. Melanin
D. Stratum basale E. Stratum corneum

List three physiologic mechanisms that protect against UTIs.

Explain how the body produces its own mechanism of protection. Alterations in pH, diet, and drug interactions can alter this normal protection and result in infections

Compare the tissue involvement in first-degree, second-degree full-thickness, and third-degree burns. Describe burns based on depth of injury. Discuss burn classification. Describe estimation of total body surface area (TBSA) in a burn.

Explain the rule of nines as a method of determining the extent of a burn

Which of the following is an indication of secondary hypersecretion?

Group of answer choices

increase in ACTH levels

Increase in TSH levels

Increased levels of CRH

Increased levels of GnRH

30.Which of the following steps of the cell cycle does a cancer cell never enter? A. G0

B. G1 C. G2 D. M E. S

31.Which of the following abdominopelvic regions overlaps at least partly with the right lower quadrant?
A. Epigastric
B. Hypogastric

C. Left inguinal
D. Left lumbar
E. Right hypochondriac

32.Which of the following organ systems has a primary function of immunity? A. Endocrine
B. Lymphatic
C. Muscular

D. Reproductive E. Urinary

33.Which of the following structures would you expect to find in the pleural cavity? A. Atlas

B. Heart
C. Lung
D. Pubis
E. Xiphoid process

34.The region of the body that contains the fibula is also known as the A. Axilla

B. Bucca C. Crus
D. Frons E. Mamma

35.In a long bone, which of the following ossifies first? A. Diaphysis

B. Epiphyseal cartilage C. Epiphysis
D. External Callus
E. Metaphysis

36.The main blood supply in compact bone is found in A. Canaliculi

B. Central canals C. Lacunae
D. Lamellae
E. Osteocytes

37.The interosseous membrane in the leg is an example of a A. Diarthrosis
B. Synarthrosis
C. Synchondrosis

D. Syndesmosis E. Synostosis

38.When a person sprains her ankle, which of the following motions did her ankle most likely do?

A. Dorsiflexion B. Eversion
C. Inversion
D. Plantar flexion E. Retraction

39.Thick skin is most likely found on the A. Antebrachium
B. Intestinal lining
C. Knee

D. Palm E. Scalp

40.What is the major function of the arrector pili?
A. Causing hairs to stand on end
B. Holding bone to bone
C. Increasing surface area between dermis and epidermis D. Producing oil

E. Providing cushion in the spine

41. (Extra credit) Which of the following joints is biaxial? A. Atlantoaxial
B. Elbow (humero-ulnar)
C. Hip

D. Metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 4 E. Pubic symphysis

Question 62

Which of the following is a multiaxial joint?

Question 62 options:

Question 64

Joints with a small ROM are usually

Question 64 options:

Help w/ both.

Question 57

In a chemical synapse, the synaptic bulbs of the presynaptic neuron have _____, while the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron has _____.

Question 57 options:

Question 59

Which of the following is CORRECT?

Question 59 options:

Question 60

Glaucoma can be dangerous because it increases intraocular pressure.

Question 60 options:

Give one example how the the endocrine system work with the immune system?

Show effects of certain hormones on urine output

There are five primary causes of hypoxaemia (low blood oxygen content):

1. Diffusion limitation which limits the transfer of oxygen between the alveoli and blood (such as pulmonary oedema).
2. Hypoventilation
3. Reduced atmospheric oxygen (such as high altitude)
4. Ventilation/perfusion (VQ) mismatch (for some reason poorly ventilated alveoli are still receiving blood flow)
5. Shunt- some alveoli are completely blocked either by obstruction or are completely filled with fluid such as in pneumonia, but still receive blood flow.

The first four of these can be helped by giving the patient oxygen which in turn increases their arterial PO₂. However, giving oxygen has little impact on a patient with a pulmonary shunt.

For each of the above causes, briefly (1-2 sentences) describe how it would lead to low arterial PO₂. Then describe why giving a patient 100% oxygen would increase their arterial PO₂ (for the first four), and why it would not significantly improve in a patient with a pulmonary shunt. Explain your reasoning. 4 and 5 are the most challenging and will require more description than the first 3. (2-6 total sentences each)

Diffusion Limitation :

Hypoventilation :

Reduced atmospheric oxygen :

V/Q Mismatch:

Shunt

At about 12 pm, before lunch, Louisa undertakes her daily exercise workout, which involves running continuously for 20 min at ~80% of her VO₂ max.

1. List the primary sources of energy production / ATP generation during the first 30 seconds of exercise. You only need to list the sources.

During the period from 5 to 20 min there would be significant changes in the utilisation of carbohydrate and fatty acids when compared to when Louisa was sitting at her desk studying (i.e. at rest). List these changes.

Describe the anatomy, function, and development of the brain.