A pharmacy student is testing six different drugs that target neuromuscular transmission. Predict if the following drugs would increase, decrease or not change the magnitude of the end plate potential at the neuromuscular junction.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

      [ Choose ]            No change            Increase            Decrease      

Botulism toxin

      [ Choose ]            No change            Increase            Decrease      

Black widow latrotoxin

      [ Choose ]            No change            Increase            Decrease      

Antagonist of presynaptic voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

      [ Choose ]            No change            Increase            Decrease      

Antagonist of Ach receptors

      [ Choose ]            No change            Increase            Decrease      

Antagonist of sarcolemmal voltage-gated Na+ channels

[ Choose ]            No change            Increase            Decrease

4. Draw and label a generic structure of an amino acid

5. Contrast and compare DNA and RNA in at least 3 ways

6. Briefly define negative and positive feedback and give a brief example of each

Bioterrorists are planning to use a plant toxin that interferes with the function of the exchange pump responsible for the chloride shift. Explain the pathophysiology of the toxin and its effect on the body.
Using your knowledge of transport of carbon dioxide. answer the following questions. Be sure to clearly label the different parts.
Part A. Explain the chloride shift in terms of the bicarbonate ion. (1 mark)
Part B. What will happen when the chloride shift does not occur?
Part C. How will the body attempt to correct for a lack of chloride shift?

1. A condition in which a muscle is unable to contract is

a. isometric    b. isotonic    c. tetanus    d. spastic paralysis   e. flaccid paralysis

f. hypertrophy    g. wave summation    h. motor unit summation (recruitment)

2. Which of the above describes an increase in the maximum force of contraction as the frequency of stimuli increase?

a. isometric    b. isotonic    c. tetanus    d. spastic paralysis   e. flaccid paralysis

f. hypertrophy    g. wave summation    h. motor unit summation (recruitment)

3. Which of the above describes a contraction unable to move a load?

a. isometric    b. isotonic    c. tetanus    d. spastic paralysis   e. flaccid paralysis

f. hypertrophy    g. wave summation    h. motor unit summation (recruitment)

4. Which of the above describes a contraction in which the length of the muscle does not change?

a. isometric    b. isotonic    c. tetanus    d. spastic paralysis   e. flaccid paralysis

f. hypertrophy    g. wave summation    h. motor unit summation (recruitment)

5. Which of the above describes a contraction in which the length of the muscle changes continuously while the force applied by the muscle remains the same?

a. isometric    b. isotonic    c. tetanus    d. spastic paralysis   e. flaccid paralysis

f. hypertrophy    g. wave summation    h. motor unit summation (recruitment)

6. Which of the above describes an increase in the number of muscle fibers participating in a contraction?

a. isometric    b. isotonic    c. tetanus    d. spastic paralysis   e. flaccid paralysis

f. hypertrophy    g. wave summation    h. motor unit summation (recruitment)

7. In a normal muscle which has been stimulated, which of the following lasts the longest?

a. refractory period   b. latent period    c. action potential

d. period of contraction and relaxation (muscle twitch)

8. Which of the following would result in the smallest force of contraction following stimulation?

a. a muscle half its normal resting length

b. a muscle twice its normal resting length

c. a muscle that is at its normal resting length

d. a muscle in which the passive force greatly exceeds the active force

9. Which of the following would be true about a muscle with mostly large motor units (as opposed to a muscle with mostly small motor units)?

a. controls movements much more precisely than a muscle with small motor units

b. contains a larger number of motor neurons

c. each neuron controls a large number of muscle fibers

d. muscles with large motor units contain only oxidative fibers

e. all of the above are true

10. Running a marathon or longterm maintenance of muscle tone (as opposed to sprinting or heavy lifting) would most depend on

a. utilizing creatine phosphate    b. anaerobic glycolytic metabolism

c. aerobic respiration

11. Which of the following would not be true about lactic acid?

a. produced when glycolysis occurs under anaerobic conditions

b. the more rapidly a muscle contracts the more lactic acid is produced

c. produced by myoglobin

d. secreted into the blood

e. converted by the liver into glucose and glycogen

pros &cons of a 6 week maturity leave on the nutrition needs of the mother?

Indicate whether (a) skeletal (b) cardiac (c) smooth muscle has the following characteristics. A characteristic may apply to more than one muscle type.

_______ contraction usually voluntary

_______ contraction usually involuntary

_______ regulated mostly by somatic nerves

_______ regulated mostly by autonomic nerves

_______ striated

_______ non-striated

_______ able to stretch

_______ elastic

Explain how repolarization happens. Give characteristics of the absolute and relative refractory periods in terms of voltage-gated sodium channel conformation. At what point can a new action potential be generated?

3) Eric has decided he wants to lose weight. He decides to cut all carbs from his diet and eat a diet high in protein and fat. During his workouts, he feels weak and sluggish. Why might this be happening? What would you recommend for him to change, if anything? Use physiology to answer.

4) Tyler is 22 years old and wants to be a bodybuilder. He works hard during the week at his job so he goes out to party every Friday and Saturday night in which he drinks a lot of alcohol. Recently, Tyler has checked his weight and saw that his fat mass has increased. He doesn’t understand why this is the case when he tracks his carbs, protein, and fat every day. He tracks his calories every day except when he is partying because he drinks low calorie beers. He has now come to you seeking advice on what could be going on and what are some alternatives he can do to start losing fat mass while still partying and drinking alcohol.

Central Nervous System: MS impairments

Anatomy summaries of organic disorders

Synopsis of Central Nervous System: MS impairment should focus on a concise anatomical/physiological explanation of the disorder, and include a brief etiology and brief speech-language symptoms.

Biological systems are not as effective if they lack regulation, meaning the ability to regulate certain processes.  We have seen many examples of regulation this semester.   Muscle cell relaxation is highly regulated.  Describe the process(es) by which muscle cells relax and return to their resting length.