The depolarization of an axon is the result of the __________ of __________ ions.

outflux/Na+

outflux/K+

influx/K+

influx/Na+

uptake/neurotransmitters

Which type of receptor cell is responsible for transducing pain stimuli?

nociceptor

mechanoreceptor

photoreceptor

thermoreceptor

Glucagon is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas and causes an increase in blood glucose.

True

False

The effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers are cooperative in the…

reproductive system

cardio-vascular system

eyes

heart

The dark current of the retina refers to…

inhibition of inhibitory NTs

inhibition of excitatory NTs

Of the following neurotransmitters, which are not stored in vesicles before release by the presynaptic axon?

Amino Acids

Monoamines

Endocannabinoids

Acetylcholine

Polypeptides

excitation of inhibitory NTs

excitation of excitatory NTs

Pick your favorite sport and describe what major muscles are being utilized in your given sport. You must list at least five major muscles. In addition you will describe specific exercises that can be used to strengthen those muscles.

-Which organs produce digestive enzymes? Where does digestion occur? Where does digestion start? Where does most nutrient absorption occur? Where does most water reabsorption occur? How are fats absorbed into the body? What is the role of cholecystokinin?

-Thinking back to earlier in the class: Be able to determine how pH and oxygen impact solute transport across the intestinal epithelium. How is transport of a solute impacted by concentration gradient? How could you determine if transport is dependent on sodium, pH, oxygen, transport proteins? How do these factors impact transport rate?

select all that are more likely to be found in an aging skeleton as compared to a young one.

Check All That Apply

• 1- Cranial bones are fused.

• 2- Articulating surfaces are smooth.

• 3- Bones are porous and brittle.

• 4- Bone spurs are found on articular surfaces.

Name four effector organs that are dually innervated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. How does each system effect the effector organs listed?

A child fell in the playground and cut her hand on a piece of glass. The cut extended across her wrist from the lateral border to the midline, just distal to the trapezium bone. The cut was deep and the physicians in emergency were concerned about a possible peripheral nerve lesion. Which nerve were they probably most concerned about and what motor and sensory tests would they do to check if this nerve had been damaged?.The child’s mother had been diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome. How would the pattern of injury in the mother’s hand differ from that of the child? Position your hand in the way you think the hand would appear with each of the two lesions described.

A student was demonstrating that because of an injury she was only able to turn her hand over (supinate) half as far as her friends were able. As a child she fractured her left forearm through the midshaft of the radius, although the ulna was spared. Why would this cause her to not be able to turn her hand over as far as her friends are able to do?

13. Describe the basic sequence of events that occurs as an action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction and is transmitted to the muscle cell and leads to a contraction. Explain at the end how relaxation of the muscle takes place (include what happens at the neuromuscular junction and in the muscle fiber. You may use some words multiple times. Fill in the blanks with a complete word or words (no abbreviations) of each step.

1. An action potential arrives at the synaptic bulb of a motor neuron causing the exocytosis of vesicles containing ___

2. ____ diffuses across the synaptic cleft to bind to a receptor on the ___ allowing sodium to influx resulting in an action potential.

3. The action potential will spread down the ___ into the center of the muscle fiber.

4. The excitation cause the release of _____ from the ____ into the sarcoplasm.

5. ____ will bind to ___ causing a conformational change.

6. ____ will move___ off the____ of the protein .

7. The ____ will bind to the ____ forming a ____ .

8. The ____ will ___ pulling the ___ . This is called the___ .

9. ____ will attach to the ___causing it to ___from the____ .

10. __ of__ provides the energy to cause the___ of the ___.

11. _____- write out the whole step

Relaxation.

___ cleaves ___

The ___ re-uptakes the ___

___ recovers the so that ___ can no longer bind.

3 examples of flow down gradient and their mechanisms in body systems. give a detailed answer for each

explain how proteins that are eaten are assimilated into the blood. Using a piece of meat as an example,
Answer should include mechanical reduction in particle size, digestion and absorption. A BIT OF DETAIL REQUIRED MOSTLY ON MECHANISM

Discuss the importance of the brain codes contrast with regard to how we perceive the world. Be sure to address some of the different concepts associated with contrast when answering this question.

Create a table of the different classes of neurotransmitters . List names of neurotransmitters, their main functions and implications in human disease.

Sensory Questions:

1. What changes in pain might occur with an injury?

2. Why might we see changes in pain after an injury?

3. Give some vital features of inhibitory interneurons.