1. Which tissue is made up of motor proteins that uses ATP and produces movement?

a.) Nervous tissue

b.) epithelium tissue

c.) skeletal tissue

d.) muscular tissue

2. What is true about hyaline cartilage?

a.) Collagen fibers are thick and visible

b.) Collagen fibers are present but not visible

c.) it makes adult skeleton

d.) it contains more elastic fibers

3. Which of the following describes reticular connective tissue?

a.) Tissue is made up of loose arrangement of collagen fibers.

b.) tissue contains less matrix and made up of cells that contains high fat stored

c.) tissue is made up of very fine fibers and is usually present in spleen and bone marrow

d.) tissue is made up large amount of collagen fibers

d.) it contains more elastic fibers

3.   

Max is a 18 year old college student with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 1). Recently, Max has been staying up late to study for final exams. Last night while studying, he shared a full box of cupcakes with his friend. Overnight Max woke up feeling thirsty and in need of urinating. Upon awakening to get ready to take his exam, he tells his friend that he is feeling light headed and his heart is racing. While brushing his hair, he realizes his legs are wobbly; and he panics realizing he forgot to take his insulin yesterday. He calls out to his friend, who finds him in the bathroom unconscious. He is transported by ambulance to the nearby emergency department. Below are the result of his physical and laboratory tests. Physical Exam and Laboratory Values Heart Rate 135 bpm Respirations 32/minute; slow and deep Blood Pressure 90/40 Plasma Levels Glucose 540 mg/dl Na+ 134 mEq/L (normal = 140 mEq/L) K+ 5.8 mEq/L (normal = 4.5 mEq/L) Cl- 96 mEq/L (normal = 105 mEq/L) HCO3- 8 mEq/L (normal = 24 mEq/L) Ketones ++ (elevated) Urine Glucose 4+ (normal = none) Arterial Blood Arterial Blood - PO2 110 Hg (normal = 100 mm Hg) Arterial Blood - PCO2 20 mm Hg (normal = 40 mm Hg) Arterial Blood - pH 7.22 (normal = 7.4)

1. What acid-base disorder does Max have and explain your reasoning? Is it a simple or mixed acid-base disorder? In your answer, discuss the etiology of Max's acid-base disorder.

The following case relates to the next two questions. A 46-year-old man finds that, over a period of time, he has progressive bilateral weakness of both upper and lower limbs beginning with the muscles of the hands. However, testing reveals that sensory functions appear normal. Eventually, this individual is found to have wasting of muscles, fasciculations, and evidence of upper motor neuron (UMN) dysfunction together with an increase in tendon reflexes. After a few additional months, the patient develops facial weakness and an inability to swallow (dysphagia). Further analysis reveals abnormalities in the electromyegram (EMG) of the upper and lower extremities, denervation atrophy. However, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) remains normal.

Question 1. This patient is most likely suffering from

1. MS
2. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
3. Poliomyelitis
4. Myasthenia gravis
5. Cerebral cortical stroke

Question 2. The neuronal regions affected include

1. Dorsal horns of the spinal cord
2. Lateral columns of the spinal cord
3. Ventral horns of the spinal cord
4. Dorsal columns and ventral horns of the spinal cord
5. Ventral horns and lateral horns of the spinal cord

In addition,

1. you should provide the reason of why you made your choice.
2. try to explain the cause of denervation muscle atrophy.

Case Scenario: A teenage baseball player gets hit in the head with a fast- hard ball. Paramedics rush him to the hospital. Upon arrival to the ED, you find he is disoriented, he has sporadic respiratory changes, and his pupils are dilated but respond to light. He can tell you his name but not what has happened. During the exam, he vacillates between being somnolent and hyper aroused. The doctor tells parents of the boy that their child has a focal brain injury. He has no prior health conditions.

1. Question: During an observation of their son, the doctor tells the parents that the staff will be evaluating to see if there is a secondary brain injury. Give signs and symptoms of a secondary brain injury and explain why these symptoms occur. You will need to defend your answer using specific facts, data.

List the five lobes of the cerebral cortex and state at least one function associated with each lobe.

select any five bones in the body and provide the following for each:

• A locational description using proper regional AND directional terminology

• An identification of a synovial joint this bone is a part of and a description of any features of that bone that are associated with the identified joint

• A description of the movement that is possible at the identified joint

(e.g. – The occipital bone of the skull is found in the posterior, inferior portion of the cranial cavity. It articulates with the atlas at the atlanto occipital joint. The occipital condyles of the occipital bone articulate with the superior articular facets of the atlas (or C1 vertebra). The atlanto occipital joint consists of two condyloid (or ellipsoid) synovial joints, allowing flexion and extension and a small amount of lateral flexion.)

Mrs. Thomson is a 78 year-old woman whose doctor recently recommended that she have a DXA

scan in order to determine her bone mineral density. The scan results indicate low bone mineral

density. Mrs. Thompson refuses to take pills or supplements and is, therefore, referred to a

dietitian for nutritional counseling.

a.

With Mrs. Thompson’s diagnosis of osteopenia, intake of which micronutrients will be most

critical components in her nutrition plan?

b.

What physiological role do these micronutrients play that makes them so important for her

nutrition plan?

c.

What foods will be included in her diet plan as good sources of these micronutrients?

d.

What other lifestyle changes can Mrs. Thompson make to try to slow the advancement of

her osteopenia?

Extensive research into the efficacy of maintaining high Vitamin D3 levels has proven that Vitamin D3 is more efficacious at preventing the Flu virus than vaccination.

What properties or responsibilities in physiology/ immunology does Vitamin D3 play?

Ms. Addams is at the oral surgeon to have a simple procedure performed. The surgeon
injected a local anesthetic in the region where the procedure was to occur. After the surgery, Ms.
Addams had the customary numbness associated with the anesthesia. However, the next day,
despite the return of sensation to the area, Ms. Addams found she could not control the blinking
of her left eye and the eye was constantly tearing. Also, the left corner of her mouth lost vertical
dimension (sagged). Fearing a stroke, Ms. Addams reported to the ER where it was determined
that her symptoms were the result of trauma to one of her cranial nerves during the injection of
local anesthetic.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the Cranial Nerve Damaged?

2. Function of This Nerve

3. How does the cranial nerves damage relate to the patients symptoms?

The same day, another patient arrives at the ER also needing a blood transfusion. The patient has type 0- blood. What are all possible blood types this person can receive? Again, include concepts of blood typing and donor/recipient info to justify your answer. Finally, why are people with type 0- blood medically important?

A. Iva Ertarm is admitted complaining of a numb right arm. When tested, she is unable to feel when her hand and arm are touched lightly, but can still feel a hard pressure. It is determined she must have a lesion or damage within her spinal cord. Which specific pathway is affected (4 pts)? How do you know it is that specific pathway (Apts)? Which side of the spinal cord is the lesion and which funiculus must! the lesion be located (4 pts)? How do you know the specific funiculus and the side (where does it decussate) (4pts)? What is the signal direction within this pathway and what is the final destination of this information (2 pts)? 2 pts for essay formatting, grammar, spelling. Be specific in your answers.

15.  Patients with Clostridium difficile infections have diarrhea and can have severe infections in their peritoneal cavities (peritonitis) and blood (sepsis). The diarrhea and widespread infections result, at least in part, from altered cell adhesions in cells lining the colon.

A.  [2 pts] What type of cells line the colon, and what type of adhesion linking these cells is likely altered in difficile infection?

B.  [4 pts] How could changes to the cell adhesions you listed in part A promote infections in the blood and peritoneal cavity?  Explain your reasoning.