A. Organise the items below from superficial to deep. Give a structural description for each.

On a night out with friends at the viaduct, james has too much to drink. He loses his balance and falls, hitting his head on the concrete floor. He is assessed by a paramedic for a possible concussion. Assume normal physiology and anatomy in addressing the specific questions below.

A. Organise the items below from superficial to deep. Give a structural description for each.

Pia mater, skull, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, dura mater (meningeal layer), dura mater (periosteal layer)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Deepest

1. The cerebrospinal fluid is one of the most important components in protecting the central nervous system. Without it, James could have badly damaged his brain. Describe the anatomical structures and locations that produce and remove cerebrospinal fluid from the central nervous system.  

LO3 (word limit for this section: 250)

James fell because he had too much alcohol to drink.

A. Describe the structure of the blood brain barrier and explain how it is supposed to protect the brain.

B. Why did the blood brain barrier not successfully prevent the alcohol from entering into James's brain?

C. What major regions of James's brain would you expect to have been affected by the alcohol to influence his somatic motor function?

Describe how cell maintains resting membrane potential. Write out the steps taken in order to accomplish this.

7. The body cavity found in the trunk is the ________________ ____________ while the cavity found in the head, neck and the posterior part of the trunk is the__________ ____________.

8. Define homeostasis.

F. Membranes 1. The inner membrane adhering to the surface of the heart is called the ________________ ________________ membrane.

2. The membrane lining the wall of the abdominal cavity is called the ____________________.

3. The two membranes surrounding the lungs are called the _________________ and ________________ layers of the pleural membranes.

4. What is pericarditis?__________________________________________________________

G. Homeostasis 1. List the two types of feedback loops that regulate human body functions. Give a short description of each. a. _______________________ b. ______________________ _________________________________________________________________________

2. Which type of feedback loop maintains homeostasis of most body function? Why?_________________________________________________________________________

MAKE THE CONNECTION 1. The body is in the supine position. If a transverse CT scan is taken at the mid-thoracic region, you will see the _______________ in the center, the two _______________ flanking the lateral sides, and the ____________________ on the posterior side of the image.

2. During the French revolution, those that had been in power were sent to the guillotine (OFF WITH THEIR HEADS!). What kind of section of the body did the blade take? __________________________________

How are meiosis and mitosis different?

What does haploid mean?

What does the sperm bring to the egg?

Watson called DNA "the most golden of all molecules"primarily because of its protein synthesis. How would you describe the importance of the process of protein synthesis in the functioning of a cell?

What causes a kidney stone to form?

How can NaCl increase your kidney stone risk?

Why are kidney stones bad?

How can you prevent ovulation? How can you prevent spermatogenesis? How does oogenesis differ from spermatogenesis? What are nurse cells? What causes the release of LH and FSH?

What is the role of HCG during pregnancy?

What does progesterone do during pregnancy?

Explain how estrogen levels change during pregnancy.

How can a varicocele affect male fertility? Is it common?

Can cholesterol derived hormones pass through a cell membrane?

What is LSH? What is GnRH?

2. What would you do if:

You had to dispose tissues and towels from dissection?

You had to discard disposable microscope slide?

3. List 3 things that you would use to protect yourself while dissecting preserved biological specimen

4. In case of an accident in the lab (for example, broken glassware or finger cut), list the steps you would take to ensure your safety and safety of others around you.

6. List three things you must do before you leave the lab:

1. In humans, a widow’s peak is recessive.  A purebred mother with no widow’s peak marries and a father with a widow’s peak.  What are the probable genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring?

2. Assume in an animal that brown is dominant over white. The mother is heterozygous brown and the father is homozygous white. What are the probable genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring?

3. Albinism is a condition in which pigmentation is lacking. In humans, the result is white hair, nonpigmented skin, and pink eyes. The trait in humans is caused by a recessive allele. Two normal parents have an albino child. What are the parents’ genotypes? What is the probability that the next child will be albino?

4. Huntington disease is a rare fatal, degenerative neurological disease in which individuals start to show symptoms in their 40s. It is caused by a dominant allele. Joe, a man in his 20s, just learned that his father has Huntington disease.

a. what is the probability that Joe will also develop the disease?

b. Joe and his new wife have been eager to start a family. What is the probability that their first child will eventually develop the disease?

During passive expiration, the intrapleural pressure is

A greater than atmospheric pressure

B the same as atmospheric pressure

C determined by the diaphragm

D greater than the intra-alveolar pressure

E lower than the intra-alveolar pressure