The role of Voltage Sensitive Na⁺ Channels (VSSC in neuron signaling) is:             

a) Initiation of depolarization   

b) propagation of depolarization       

c) space from an axonal membrane of a neuron to dendrite membrane of next neuron                

d) release of neurotransmitter

ATP production during aerobic respiration is by which mechanism:       

a) substrate level phosphorylation   

b) oxidative-phosphorylation  

c) both substrate-level and oxidative-phosphorylation  

d) This depends upon the temperature

e) this depends upon the pH

ATP production during glycolysis is by which mechanism:

a) substrate-level phosphorylation   

b) oxidative-phosphorylation  

c) both substrate-level  and oxidative-phosphorylation  

d) this depends upon the temperature

e) this depends upon the pH

Which is not a postulate of cell theory:

a) all life is made of cells

b) heredity is controlled by genes

c) all cells come from pre-existing cells   

d) all cells are microscopic  

If a molecule has a molecular weight (mw) of 3,685 daltons (Da), then how many grams are required to make 1.0 mole:

a)  3,685 g   

b) 368.5 g   

c) 36.85 g    

d) 3.7 g

Which of the following correctly matches a component of the cytoskeleton to one of its functions?

a. intermediate filaments contribute to cytoplasmic streaming

b. microtubules move chromosomes during cell division

c. microtubules help muscle cells contract

d. microfilaments form channels called plasmodesmata

e. microfilaments cause ciliary bending

1. Replicate the following segment of DNA

5’ ATC GGC TAC GTT CAC 3’

3’ TAG CCG ATG CAA GTG 5’

A. Show the direction of replication of the new strands and explain what the lagging and leading strands are.

B. Explain how this is semiconservative replication. Are the new strands identical to the original segment of DNA?

For microbiology

1. Explain the meaning of modulus of uniformity of a feedstuff or mixed feed.

2. Explain the meaning and value of feed microscopy in feed manufacturing

Different mechanisms create different types of chromosomal aberrations; for example, nondisjunction can cause ____________, while errors in DNA damage repair may cause ____________.

inversions; trisomy

monoploidy; inversions

inversions; monoploidy

trisomy; monoploidy

monoploidy; trisomy

trisomy; inversions

Using the glyoxylate cycle and other necessary enzymes and co-enzymes, write a balanced equation for the synthesis of oxaloacetate from acetyl-coenzyme A.

Identify two strategies that some bacteria may utilize to survive extreme or less than optimal environments.

If you cut parts off of the lead compound and it keeps losing potency, what can you conclude? If that happens, what do you try next?

And, You cut a piece off of the lead, and the potency drops. When would it be beneficial to continue anyway with this truncated lead?

Review the chemical reaction for photosynthesis and then carefully examine your results from Procedure I. Do your results support the relationship between oxygen and carbon dioxide shown in the chemical reaction? Explain. Cite your results as part of your explanation.

Procedure I - Net Photosynthesis Rates - 100% Illumination

Chemical reaction: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O ------> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O_{2 (Sugar)}

Galactosemia is a disease caused by a genetic defect that affects an individual's ability to correctly metabolize galactose for use in the glycolytic pathway, but has no effect on metabolism of starch and glycogen, or on glycolysis. Galactosemia results in high galactose levels in the blood and accumulation of galactose-1-phosphate in the tissues.

e) Propose possible candidates for the defective enzyme that causes galactosemia.

Why stroke is more common than pulmonary embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation?

Why stroke is more common than pulmonary embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation?

Please cite your use of a source

1. Which do you think arose first, in evolution: the virus or the host? Discuss and support your answer.
2. Describe in detail the external components of one specific non-enveloped and one enveloped virus – be sure to include the name of each.
3. .  Explain how an adult who had chickenpox is now at risk for a shingles infection.
4. . Why do Group VI viruses have sense RNA (i.e. (+)ssRNA) that does not act like mRNA when they infect cells?
5. .  A person has antibodies against the measles virus. Identify three (3) ways in which these antibodies could be acquired.

The conservation of biodiversity is believed to be very important to the well-being and survival of humans. Do you agree with this? Explain why biodiversity should or should not be a concern of everyone, using specific examples to illustrate your points. Conduct some research on your own to support your explanations and positions.