Case 1: Pyruvate Kinase (PK) catalyzes the rate-limiting, ATP-generating step of glycolysis in which phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is converted to pyruvate. Multiple isoenzymes of pyruvate kinase exist in mammals: type L, which is found in the liver and kidneys; type R, which is expressed in erythrocytes; type M1, which is found in tissues such as muscle and brain; and type M2, which is present in self-renewing cells such as embryonic and adult stem cells. 1) Under normal conditions, describe all the ways in which pyruvate kinase is regulated in the cell? Many types of cancer cells are predominantly glycolytic and over express the oncoprotein MYC. Interestingly, the classical oncoprotein MYC has been found to promote preferential expression of pyruvate kinase type M2 over pyruvate kinase type M1. The isoform M2 is characteristically found in a low activity state and is ineffective at promoting glycolysis (When compared to pyruvate kinase type L or type M1). 2) This logic seems counter-intuitive for a glycolytic tissue. What is the rationale for this mechanism and what other pathways may cancer cells be diverting substrate to?

1) Describe 5 different events in geological time in terms of the changes happening to species on the planet and what those changes were happening. (10)

2. You are kayaking with a friend on the ocean on a sunny summer day. Your friend comments on all the “stuff” floating in the water. Pick 4 different unicellular eukaryotic organisms (protists) that could be that “stuff”. Tell me a bit about each of those protists (e.g. cell structures), including whether they are phytoplankton or zooplankton. (2 marks each for 8 marks total)

Explain the different ways in which the Presocratics wrestled with and attempted to explain the problem of change (that is to say, the question of how change is possible at all).

1. Two approaches for correcting single-gene defects are gene therapy such as is discussed in Section 3-5D and the CRISPR–Cas9 system. Explain why the CRISPR–Cas9 approach can potentially provide more complete restoration of normal tissue function than gene therapy.

2. A certain mutant DNA polymerase is error-prone, tending to incor-porate C opposite a template A. When such a DNA polymerase repli-cates a segment of DNA containing an A · T base pair, what will be the DNA composition in the daughter cells after (a) one and (b) two rounds of cell division? Assume that DNA repair does not occur.

3. Explain why mutations are more likely to occur on the lagging strand than on the leading strand in eukaryotes.

Discuss the consequences of bioterrorism on a community.

1. E. coli DNA polymerase V has the ability to bypass thymine dimers. However, Pol V tends to incorporate G rather than A opposite the dam-aged T bases. Would you expect Pol V to be more or less processive than Pol III? Explain.

2. Explain why base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and mismatch repair—which all require nucleases to excise damaged DNA—require DNA ligase.

3. Why are there no Pol I mutants that completely lack 5′ → 3′ exo-nuclease activity?

Discuss ethical issues affecting communicable disease and infection control.

This question DOES NOT require a book. (DOES NOT REQUIRE ONE, it is an option)

Make a character table that has mammalia, Reptilia, Amphibia, Lobe-fined fish, Ray Finned fish, Chondrichthyes, jawless fish and lancelets as the organisms (you may choose a specific organism within each grouping as an example.) Be sure there is at least ONE derived character between each group. Make sure you identify your basal taxon.

1. Understand where CO2, H2O, O2, CH2O (sugar), light, NADP+, ADP+Pi, NADPH, and ATP figure into Light Reactions and the Calvin Cycle.

2. What is an absorbance spectra? an action spectra?

3. Be able to describe how a photosystem harvests light energy from photons.

4. Compare and contrast ETC and chemiosmosis in the chloroplast vs. the mitochondria.

5. What are the inputs to the Calvin Cycle of CO2, RuBP, ATP, and NADPH per G3P molecule? What are rubisco and RuBP?

PLEASE ANSWER ALL :)

Complete the following table.

How do poverty, oppression and chronic stress affect diabetes susceptibility? Why do you think so much money and attention goes towards genetic research rather than towards improving social conditions?

An E. Coli strain has the following lac genotype: Lacl+ lacP+ lacOc lacZ- / lacl- lacP+ lacO + lacZ + If lactose is PRESENT, what would the level of Beta-galactose be?

1- High

2- Low

1. The two molecules shown are: A. Epimers B. Identical molecules just drawn differently C. Anomers D. Oligomers C. Enantiomers

2. Sphingomyelins contain more saturated fatty acid tails than glycerophospholipids. A. True B. False 3. What 2 sugars comprise maltose? What kind of bond links the 2 sugars? (open answer) 4. Which of the polysaccharides in the attached figure represents the protective exterior of insects, crabs, etc.?

Inside an angiosperm seed, the embryonic form of the shoot is called the __.