Question

In: Biology

Identify two strategies that some bacteria may utilize to survive extreme or less than optimal environments.

Identify two strategies that some bacteria may utilize to survive extreme or less than optimal environments.

Solutions

Expert Solution

Extremophiles are organisms able to survive in prohibitive conditions from the physical and chemical point of view, where most of the living organisms on Earth would survive with great difficulty or perish
They are classified according to the conditions in which they grow: As thermophiles and hyperthermophiles (organisms growing at high or very high temperatures, respectively), psychrophiles (organisms that grow best at low temperatures), acidophiles and alkaliphiles (organisms optimally adapted to acidic or basic pH values, respectively), barophiles (organisms that grow best under pressure), and halophiles (organisms that require NaCl for growth). In addition, these organisms are normally polyextremophiles, being adapted to live in habitats where various physicochemical parameters reach extreme values. For example, many hot springs are acid or alkaline at the same time, and usually rich in metal content; the deep ocean is generally cold, oligotrophic (very low nutrient content), and exposed to high pressure; and several hypersaline lakes are very alkaline.

Alternative survival straighty

Chemotactic behaviors, i.e. moving toward attractants and away from repellents, are apparently an effective set of survival strategies in heterogeneous environments. For some bacteria, migration towards the rhizosphere of plants is the most promising way to obtain organic nutrients in soils; tomato root colonization of a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens .However, future research should clarify whether or not if the speed and distances traveled via bacterial cellular motility are practical such that cells can advantageously reach roots in soil environments.

Programmed cell death in bacteria has also been proposed as a possible strategy for preserving some of the population from stresses through utilization of the nutrients derived from the dead cells .The effectiveness of such programmed cell death in bacteria as a survival strategy is however a highly controversial issue in microbial ecology.


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