Which population shows genetic drift?

What are the steps involved in creating a vaccine? What are researchers looking for and how is FDA approval achieved?

5. Name the structure and functions of four cellular organelles.

1. What prediction does the neutral theory make that is not true and what modification was made to its assumptions to produce a new theory created by Ohta that better fit the data?

A) genetic change should be constant/most mutations are under very weak selection

B) evolutionary rate should be a function of mutation rate per generation/most mutations are under very weak selection

C) evolutionary rate should be a function of mutation rate per generation/drift is not acting

D) evolutionary rate should be a function of mutation rate per generation/most mutations are under very strong selection

E) genetic change should be constant/most mutations are under very strong selection

2. In a hypothetical situation a flu pandemic is spreading across the world (in humans). The virus is sequenced and is found to be an H1N3 virus. A phylogeny of viruses find that this virus is most closely related H1N1 viruses but that the gene for N3 is most closely related to the 'N' gene in pigs. What is the most likely evolutionary scenario for this situation?

A) The pig virus has switched hosts to attack humans

B) Human and pig viruses recombined in a host cell

C) Human and pig viruses mated and recombined

D) The viral gene for 'N' underwent extensive parallel evolution

E) N1 mutated to N3

Select all of the following that are used to predict protein coding genes from a genome sequence

Unique DNA sequences are harder to assemble when creating a whole genome sequence than repetitive DNA sequences

True

False

"Here we report results of a field experiment in which the number of plant species was experimentally controlled (Fig. 1 legend). Our 147 plots, located on nitrogen-limited soil24, were planted with either 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, or 24 species. The species assigned to each plot were chosen by a separate random draw of the appropriate number of species from a pool of 24 North American prairie species. The impacts of diversity on plant productivity, nutrient capture and nutrient leaching were observed during the second year of growth. We also sampled a native grassland to determine the relationships between these variables in an undisturbed mature ecosystem. Treatments created an experimental biodiversity gradient. THE functioning and sustainability of ecosystems may depend on Plant species richness, Shannon diversity (H1 and effective their biological diversity1-a. Elton's' hypothesis that more diverse ecosystems are more stable has received much attention 1,.3 6,,7 10- 14, but Darwin's proposal615 that more diverse plant communities are more productive, and the related conjectures,4.s1 6.17 that they have lower nutrient losses and more sustainable soils, are less well studied 4-6,s,t, 7 l8_ Here we use a well-replicated field experi­ ment, in which species diversity was directly controlled, to show that ecosystem productivity in 147 grassland plots increased significantly with plant biodiversity. Moreover, the main limiting nutrient, soil mineral nitrogen, was utilized more completely when there was a greater diversity of species, leading to lower leaching loss of nitrogen from these ecosystems. Similarly, in nearby native grassland, plant productivity and soil nitrogen utilization increased with increasing plant species richness. This supports the diversity-productivity and diversity-sustainability hypotheses. Our results demonstrate that the loss of species threatens ecosystem functioning and sustainability. The diversity-productivity hypothesis is based on the assump­ tion that interspecific differences in the use of resources by plants allow more diverse species richness (e8 ' ; Fig. la) were all significantly correlated with the number of species seeded into the plots (Pearson's r = 0.81, r = 0.74, r = 0.75, respectively; n = 147, P < 0.001 for all). Two measures of peak standing crop (our estimate of plant productivity) were positively correlated with the species-richness treatment (total plantcover:r 0.39,n = 147,P < 0.001, Fig. lb; biomass estimated by light penetration: r = 0.27, n = 147, P < 0.001). Both estimates were similarly dependent on observed plot species richness (rcover = 0.55, rbiomass = 0.42, n = 147, P < 0.001 for both) and effective species richness (rcover = 0.29, rbiomass = 0.29,n = 147,P < 0.001 for both). Thus, greater plant diversity led to greater productivity during the second year of ecosystem establishment."

Can someone draw and explain the experimental design, thank you!

If we added a high concentration (which will permeabilize the phospholipid bilayer) of strong detergents to beet samples, would this result in high or low absorbance value at 460 nm? Explain.

1. When comparing a range of viral populations in a particular year what characteristic is most associated with survival of the population to the next year.

A) a high rate of change in sequences at antigenic sites

B) a high rate of change in sequences generally

C) movement to a new host

D) ability to overwhelm the immune system

E) a low mutation rate

2. Some sharks migrate from the ocean to live in a freshwater lake. After a few generations scientists sequence an enzyme involved with moving ions across cell membranes in both the ancestral ocean population and the lake population. After correcting for the number of possible changes they found 3.3 nonsynonymous changes in the sequence for every synonymous change. This is evidence for which of the following?

A)No selection on the enzyme

B)Positive (directional) selection on the enzyme

C)Negative (stabilizing) selection on the enzyme

D)Ambiguous (disruptive) selection on the enzyme

3. Which evolutionary forces will tend to cause populations to diverge from one another genetically when they (the populations) are geographically isolated?

A) mutation, drift, selection

B) mutation, drift, migration

C) migration, drift, mutation

D) migration, selection

E) migration, selection, drift

7-what mechanism enable chronic viral infections to exert a carcinogenic influence on a tissue

How can population size affect additive genetic variance in a population?

In the drawings below note and label all important elements (incl. consensus sequences) discussed in lectures and tutorial manual and listed below.

a) Prokaryotic operon: promoter (-10 and -35 elements), operator, multiple structural genes (for example 3), start site of transcription, start sites of translations, transcription termination sequence

b) Prokaryotic mRNA (polycistronic): transcription start site, multiple ribosome binding sites (i.e. Shine-Dalgarno sequence in E. coli), multiple ORFs (including start and stop codons), transcription termination sequence

c)Eukaryotic gene: promoter (TATA box), consensus sequence CAAT, enhancer, transcription start site, exons, introns, translation start site (i.e. start codon), stop codon, polyadenylation sequence

d) Eukaryotic mRNA: transcription start site, ORF (incl. start and stop codon), polyadenylation sequence, poly A tail, 5’ methyl cap, 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions. (0.25 marks for each label; up to 7 marks)

In genetics when using gel electrophoresis there are many decisions. If you want to separate fragments that are very close in size you should use a higher percentage of agarose. The power supply has two settings for voltage, 120V or 160V. It also has a timer that has 2 settings 15 minutes and 90 minutes. If you would be running whole genomic DNA samples you recently extracted and the fragments would be about 30 kb in size. If  performed a number of PCR reactions that should produce fragments of 450 bp. You generally would not run the genomic DNA and the PCR products on the same gel due to the difference in their sizes.

- What settings would you use for genomic DNA gel vs the gel with the PCR fragments?

- Which gel the genomic or PCR products would you add ethidium bromide to and which gel would you stain in an ethidium bromide bath? Explain why.

1. We talked about the production of ferritin as an example of translational regulation. Explain what would happen if a cell had a nonfunctional IRP gene. Be specific in your answer, with an explanation of what IRP normally does and how the loss of IRP would affect the production of ferritin.

2. The pathway of glycogen breakdown provides several examples of mechanisms to regulate protein function. Describe each of these, with specific reference to the components of the pathway and the mechanisms of regulation demonstrated.

3. While practicing social distancing, it’s good to still go outside for a walk, bike ride, or observing nature. While going on a walk and making sure there is always at least 6 ft between you and others, you discover a new tree. In fact, you discover a whole forest of this tree that grows ICE CREAM. Some trees grow pistachio ice cream, and others grow chocolate peanut butter ice cream (to clarify, I mean chocolate ice cream with peanut butter in it… clearly superior to any vanilla with Reese’s mixed in). Some grow giant scoops of ice cream, and others grow small scoops of ice cream. You can’t wait to capitalize on your discovery and start a farm of ice cream trees. But first, you want to figure out how the alleles for the ice cream flavor gene and the scoop size gene are inherited so that you can try to grow large scoops of both flavors of ice cream. You figure out, by performing many crosses, that the chocolate peanut butter allele is dominant and the pistachio allele is recessive. You also find that the large scoop allele is dominant and the small scoop allele is recessive. Now you want to figure out if the flavor gene and the scoop size gene are autosomally linked, or autosomally not-linked. You decide to cross a tree that is homozygous dominant for both flavor and scoop size to a pistachio tree with small scoops. Use F/f for flavor and S/s for scoop size.

a. What are the genotypes of the two trees in the parental generation? (2 points)

b. Draw a Punnett square to indicate what the F2 generation would be if the genes are autosomal linked.

c. Draw a Punnett square to indicate what the F2 generation would be if the genes are autosomal not linked.

d. Your F1 trees produce 100 offspring. 75 of them are chocolate peanut butter trees with large scoops of ice cream. 25 of them are pistachio trees with small scoops. What mode of inheritance do you think is controlling flavor and scoop size, and why? (1 point for correct mode of inheritance, 1 point for explanation).

1. Compare the mouse estrus cycle to that of the human. Specifically, discuss hormones involved and patterns of cell morphology.
2. Discuss the brains role in the estrus cycle.