Directly from the book "World Prehistory and Archaeology" by Michael Chazan, What are megafauna? Compare and contrast the extinction of megafauna in North America with that in Australia.

(Select all correct answers; one or more than one answer may be correct.) In cases of renal failure, plasma (extracellular) concentrations of K⁺ may increase from normal levels of 4-5 mM to 10 to 12 mM. From what you know of the effects of increasing extracellular K⁺ on the membrane potential (E_K = RT/zF x ln[K_o/K_i) and the effects of membrane potential on the HCN channel (hint, remember what H stands for), you would expect the increased extracellular concentration of K⁺ to:

Group of answer choices:

decrease the rate of rise of the ramp potential for the pacemaker action potential.

decrease cardiac output.

hyperpolarize the membrane potential.

increase the rate of rise of the ramp potential for the pacemaker action potential.

decrease heart rate.

depolarize the resting membrane potential in the pacemaker cells.

Provide a definition of non–random mating, selection and genetic drift.

Describe at least one technique used to localize genes along the chromosomes

How can the expression of genes be monitored using a reporter gene?.

Describe both genetic and non-genetic mechanisms of sex determination.

Explain the difference between sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited traits.

What is a molecular marker? How can molecular markers be used to build a genetic map?

Describe a typical DNA denaturation experiment: What is useful for?

1)List the B-cell developmental stages from pre-pro to immature B cells describing B-cell receptor (BCR or Ig) rearrangements occurring and/or key events occurring at each stage.

2)What is the role of Artemis in V(D)J recombination and why is it important?

3)During B-cell activation some activated B-cells undergo differentiation into antibody secreting plasma cells outside of the germinal center and therefore never go through the germinal center responses. Other activated B-cells will return to the follicle forming a germinal center and undergo processes that alter the antibody that will be produced.  Describe the germinal center responses. Why are these responses important (hint: what is different about the antibody produced)? Why are T cells important in germinal center responses?

explain how scientists were able to suggest a molecule associated with heredity using strains of pneumonia-causing bacteria. In your explanation include, one control experiment and at least one experiment as proof of such a hereditary molecule.

Evaluate a food label to determine how the food fits into your nutrient needs.

A young female college student develops a cough and diarrhea with an elevated respiratory rate and high temperature. She also had enlarged tonsils. She has been having similar symptoms on a regular basis. After some blood work on this patient, it was determined that this patient, along with her sisters, had a deficiency in C8 protein.

1. What is the role of the C8 protein?
2. What is the ultimate goal of the terminal phase (membrane attack complex) of the complement cascade?
3. How can this deficiency be beneficial to a blood product recipient?
4. What impact would this deficiency have on bacteria?

Complement System - Host Resistance to Viral Infections

1. In what 3 ways does complement contribute to clearance of viruses (effector functions)?

a. What complement proteins are directly involved in each of these defenses?

What do the terms transmittance and absorbance mean in terms of sample concentration quantification?

The BCA assay is a common assay for protein quantification. Explain how it works for this purpose.

Using an evidence-based approach, argue either for or against the contention that evolution through natural selection with adaptive radiation is an overarching theoretical framework that explains the current diversity of living organisms.

in other words, what do you think of the above statement?

In Plant physiology

1. The control of development in plants is more “plastic” (“flexible”) than in animals. Provide one piece of experimental evidence that supports this statement.

2. Glutamate synthetase is central to nitrate assimilation. As a graduate student, you would like to study how this enzyme is regulated by the presences of nitrate in the environment. Describe the design of your experiment that will look at regulation of this enzyme by nitrate. Remember to include controls in your description

Describe how you could separate a mixture of cytochrome C, ferritin and an enzyme X (MW 450 kDa and pI 8.4) using only one chromatography column. Be sure to include the type of column, the type of gel or resin, and the conditions to ensure elution ( and separation) of the proteins.

1. Before reading info from the textbook, what did you believe about the amount of carbohydrate you should have in your diet?

2. After reading info from the textbook, why does the body require an adequate amount of the "good" carbohydrates? How will this knowledge impact your diet?

Use the article to answer these questions. Let me know if you need more information.

What question was asked?

Summarize the main points of the article—what is the primary goal or aim of the described study?

How was the question asked?

Summarize the main methods used in the study.

What did the authors find?

Summarize the major results of the study.

How does this article provide background information for quorum sensing in gingivitis?

Some possible questions you could address…How does this paper improve your knowledge of quorum sensing in gingivitis? Identify a key figure in the paper and describe its interpretation within the paper – How does the figure relate to what you may find in researching quorum sensing in gingivitis?

Article:

Bacterial Quorum Sensing and Microbial Community Interactions

ABSTRACT

Many bacteria use a cell-cell communication system called quorum sensing to coordinate population density-dependent changes in behavior. Quorum sensing involves the production of and response to diffusible or secreted signals, which can vary substantially across different types of bacteria. In many species, quorum sensing modulates virulence functions and is important for pathogenesis. Over the past half-century, there has been a significant accumulation of knowledge of the molecular mechanisms, signal structures, gene regulons, and behavioral responses associated with quorum-sensing systems in diverse bacteria. More recent studies have focused on understanding quorum sensing in the context of bacterial sociality. Studies of the role of quorum sensing in cooperative and competitive microbial interactions have revealed how quorum sensing coordinates interactions both within a species and between species. Such studies of quorum sensing as a social behavior have relied on the development of “synthetic ecological” models that use nonclonal bacterial populations. In this review, we discuss some of these models and recent advances in understanding how microbes might interact with one another using quorum sensing. The knowledge gained from these lines of investigation has the potential to guide studies of microbial sociality in natural settings and the design of new medicines and therapies to treat bacterial infections.