1. Of the following events, which occurs last during meiosis and the preceding interphase in a male?

2.

Of the following events, which occurs first during meiosis and the preceding interphase in a male?

Question 10 options:

3.

An XYY individual could result from non-disjunction in

Question 11 options:

4.

An XXY individual could not result from non-disjunction in

Question 12 options:

List five foods from your culture or your family food traditions that are prepared using a microbial process. Describe the type of microbial process used to prepare the food item, any history of this product

In an epidemiologic context, define and explain the term confounding. Include in your description an example of confounding. Describe one approach that may be used to mitigate the effect of confounding in the study analysis phase.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE CASE STUDY 17- Gram - Coccobacilli Three-year-old Michael is brought to the emergency room of a large metropolitan hospital by his parents. What began about a week ago as a seemingly mild cold has turned into a severe cough. Michael has experienced several “fits” of coughing in the past 24 hours. Each seems to become more violent. During the latest, he seemed unable to get air and had begun to turn blue in the hands, feet, nose, and lips. Between coughs, he noisily gasps for air. After a quick examination, the doctor readily admits him in respiratory isolation. Laboratory Diagnosis A nasopharyngeal swab is obtained and quickly sent to the laboratory for culturing in Bordet-Gengou medium containing fresh blood. After five days of incubation, tiny glistening colonies with a pearl-luster appearance were visible. A narrow zone of hemolysis is present around the colonies. Immunofluorescent staining revealed tiny coccobacilli.

1. Which of these is the most likely cause of Michael’s symptoms? (1 point) - Diphtheria - Pertussis - Tuberculosis - Pneumocystis carnii

2. What is the name of the microorganism that causes this infection? Type answer as two words, using appropriate capitalization and separating each word with one space. (1 point)

3. What is the common name of this infection? Type answer as two words, separated by one space and using lowercase letters. (1 point)

4. Explain why this infection was given this common name. Type answer as 1 or 2 short sentences in your own words and using correct spelling, grammar and punctuation. Copied and pasted answers may receive 0 credit. (2 points)

5. Most cases of this infection occur in what population? (1 point) - Children under 5 and older adults - children 4 years of age and under - Immunocompromised individuals - teenagers to young adults

6. The route of transmission for this infection is primarily through _______________. - Feces - Respiratory droplets - Bodily fluids - Parenteral injection

7. During the catarrhal stage of this infection, which of the following symptoms occur? Mark all that apply. - Whoop sound upon inhalation - sneezing - Nasal drainage - nasal congestion - Hacking cough - occasional cough

8. During the paroxysmal stage of this infection, which of the following symptoms occur? Mark all that apply. - Whoop sound upon inhalation - sneezing - Nasal drainage - nasal congestion - Hacking cough - occasional cough

9. What standard “well baby” immunization procedure has Michael likely missed? Be specific please

10. Knowing the immunization for this infection was likely missed, for what other diseases is Michael at risk? Explain. Be specific.

11. What is the prescribed treatment for this infection?

1. a)List 6 concerns in opposition to the de-extinction research and reintroduction. For each concern, list the counterargument by proponents of the de-extinction argument.

b) What is the Theseus’ Paradox? How does it apply to de-extinction?

c) Do you think that de-extinction is a sound idea? If you do not, describe why? If you are for it, describe why?

List three places outside of Africa where sickle-cell anemia is fairly common in the indigenous population:

Why hasn't the sickle-cell trait died out?

What is the ultimate source of biological variation?

What is the difference between gene flow and genetic drift?

short answer on each questions.

1).   which biome is found on the eastern USA? name and describe its 3 distinct layers.

2).   what is an ecological pyramid? How does it display the 10% rule?

3).    when measuring population growth, what does negative growth mean? positive growth?

6. Describe the urea cycle in terms of the cellular location, the nitrogen donors, and energetics

3. Describe the two major routes by which the amino groups are removed from amino acids: transamination, oxidative deamination. Describe the role played by pyridoxal phosphate, glutamate, α–ketoglutarate, and glutamate dehydrogenase in these processes.

Description: In order to go from glycolysis to the citric acid cycle we first must harvest pyruvates into acetyl CoA’s. This process involves many small steps which result in the main entrance in the citric acid cycle

Instructions: PLEASE DRAW!

For this presentation, your goal is to walk the audience through every step that is involved in generating acetyl CoA from Pyruvate. Be sure to focus on any cofactors need and show how this process is reset at the end to allow for another pyruvate molecule to bind.

Case 1: Pyruvate Kinase (PK) catalyzes the rate-limiting, ATP-generating step of glycolysis in which phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is converted to pyruvate. Multiple isoenzymes of pyruvate kinase exist in mammals: type L, which is found in the liver and kidneys; type R, which is expressed in erythrocytes; type M1, which is found in tissues such as muscle and brain; and type M2, which is present in self-renewing cells such as embryonic and adult stem cells. 1) Under normal conditions, describe all the ways in which pyruvate kinase is regulated in the cell? Many types of cancer cells are predominantly glycolytic and over express the oncoprotein MYC. Interestingly, the classical oncoprotein MYC has been found to promote preferential expression of pyruvate kinase type M2 over pyruvate kinase type M1. The isoform M2 is characteristically found in a low activity state and is ineffective at promoting glycolysis (When compared to pyruvate kinase type L or type M1). 2) This logic seems counter-intuitive for a glycolytic tissue. What is the rationale for this mechanism and what other pathways may cancer cells be diverting substrate to?

1) Describe 5 different events in geological time in terms of the changes happening to species on the planet and what those changes were happening. (10)

2. You are kayaking with a friend on the ocean on a sunny summer day. Your friend comments on all the “stuff” floating in the water. Pick 4 different unicellular eukaryotic organisms (protists) that could be that “stuff”. Tell me a bit about each of those protists (e.g. cell structures), including whether they are phytoplankton or zooplankton. (2 marks each for 8 marks total)