3) a) Arguably, the way prokaryotic operons are structured has evolutionary advantages. Based on our discussions in class, briefly describe one advantage and one disadvantage of gene expression regulation in prokaryotes. Provide appropriate examples to strengthen your argument (3 pts).

b) Restriction enzymes, which are extensively used in molecular biology, are products of bacterial “immune” system. Since bacterial genomes span several million base pairs (E. coli > 4 million bps), and the presence of restriction site within a genome is more than likely, how does a bacteria manage to protect itself from innate REs? (1 pt )

3 d) Assuming the equal distribution of 4 nucleotides within a genome and a RE palindrome having C:G = A:T 6-base recognition sequence, what is the likely size of the fragment of the DNA treated with this particular RE? (2 pts)

E) What is the difference between type I and type II restriction enzymes, and how would you utilize each in a molecular biology experiment? Provide a simple hypothetical example for each. (3 pts)

McArdle Disease (glycogen storage disease 5) is caused by mutations in the phosphorylase enzyme in muscle. The symptoms are muscle cramps, pain, and fatigue during strenuous exercise. A) An ischemic exercise test is often used as part of the diagnostic process. This test measures lactate in the blood but is not always specific for McArdle. Explain why lactate might be a good diagnostic measurement for this disease and how its production is regulated in muscle in a normal person versus a McArdle patient. B) A patient is undergoing an ischemic exercise test and is fed 13C glucose prior to the test and then blood is drawn after the test. Explain how the following substrates would be labeled 1) alpha-ketoglutarate, 2) glucose 3) ribose, and 4) alanine. C) in patients with McArdle would you expect electron chain activity to increase, decrease, or remain the same in the muscle cell if the person is at rest? exercising?

1. what are few questions you can come up with, about plant growth, terrariums, plant competition, soils, or other related to Terrarium Experiment.
   1. What is your question?
   2. What answer/s to your question did you find?
   3. What sources did you use?

The speed of DNA replication in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells DIFFERS because:

A.) prokaryotic cells don’t use a double helix structure to store their nucleotides

B.) smaller genomes allow prokaryotes to rapidly copy their chromosome and reproduce

C.) eukaryotes replicate their DNA from a single location along the strand

D.) eukaryotic DNA is more accessible for DNA polymerase and other replication-related proteins

3. A. For what suspected disease(s) would the acid-fast stain be performed? B. Why is the acid-fast stain necessary to stain the etiologic agents of that/those disease(s)? 1point

4. Juan is a new lab tech who needs to inoculate agar slants that students will be using to make endospore stain smears. He inoculates the tubes on Monday for a lab the following day. Did the students find endospores on their slides? Explain why or why not. 1 point

5. After inoculating with her unknown, Letitia’s Phenyl Red Glucose, Lactose, and Sucrose tubes are all yellow. Her TSI tube results are K/H2S. The EMB plate result is +/+. Do all results agree? Explain why, or why not. Be thorough! 1 point

1. Virulence factors are those attributes of microorganisms that enable them to cause damage in a host. Some bacteria produce hemolysins. Explain what hemolysins are, and indicate whether they would be classified as virulence factors. Explain why, or why not. 1 point

2. Earl says that his unknown is an anaerobe, because results of his thioglycollate tube indicate the organism is a facultative anaerobe. A. Explain how a thioglycolate tube can determine aerotolerance. B. Explain what a facultative anaerobe is, and comment on Earl’s conclusion. 1 point

Describe 3 mechanism by which the calcium increase from high-frequency stimulation can lead to a strengthened synapse.

Name and describe (please describe)  5 threats to biodiversity of herps and name three things you could do to reduce them? (of course the challenge is always the inconvenience of sticking to principles)

You are screening units for an Rh positive patient who has an antibody. The hematologist has requested units with identical Rh genotypes. The patient has the following results with Rh typing sera: DCe/dCE.

1. What Rh antibody might this patient have?

2. How many units would you need to screen to obtain 2 compatible units?

Any text/video references where I can better understand this subject are much appreciated!

Which of the following ferments lactose quickly?

Select one: a. Klebsiella b. Brucella c. Moraxella d. Helicobacter pylori

1. Male whitetail deer produce antlers every year and then shed them after the breeding season. Discuss the trade-offs in this cycle.  

2. You Work with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. You have been called to a remote area of Uganda to study a mysterious disease that is causing respiratory ailments in a small village. You isolated a bacterium from several patients that seems like a good candidate for the pathogen. How can you determine whether this bacterium is causing the illness?   

Gymnosperms such as Pine Trees have:

1. Flowers that attract pollinators
2. Only one kind of cone, which are male
3. Both male and female cones

2. Which of these is a Eudicot?

1. Cactus
2. Palm Tree
3. Lily
4. Most Grasses

3. In plants, what is the advantage of sexual reproduction (instead of asexual reproduction)?

1. It can happen out of water
2. It creates more nutrient molecules for the developing embryo
3. It produces genetic diversity
4. It can happen in water

4. The main function of Xylem is:

1. To protect the growing seed
2. To transport sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant
3. To attract pollinators
4. To transport water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the pant

5. The main function of Phloem is:

1. To transport sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant
2. To prevent drying out
3. Photosynthesis

Explain the concept of Quality by Design. What technologies enable the realization of QbD? Describe what the following terms and the role they play in realizing QbD: failure mode and effects analysis, design space, statistical experimental design, process control systems, process analytics, and multivariate data analysis. Please provide references