Researchers investigating cave fish found a new population in a previously undiscovered cave. These fish also lacked eyes, but different from the other populations, their eye development appeared to fail during lens induction. The researchers observed a failure to induce a lens placode. Their next goal was to determine the mechanism that caused loss of eyes in this population.

a) (2 points) The researchers hypothesized that a loss of function mutation in one or more of six possible genes was likely the cause. List the six most likely candidate genes.

b) (3 pts) How could the researchers determine if one of those six genes had a mutation.

c) (5 pts) Assume that the researchers found a mutation in one of those six genes. Describe an experiment the researchers could conduct using the surface fish as a model to determine if the identified mutation was sufficient to cause a failure of eye formation. List the possible results and highlight/underline the result that supports their hypothesis.

What evidence supports the conclusion that GDF11 promotes the maintenance of adult neural stem cells?

Enzyme A is required to produce red pigment on the abdomen of a bird. A biochemist evaluated birds with red and pale (not red) abdomens and determined that a minimum of 50 units of Enzyme A is necessary to obtain red pigmentation. A new mutation in the gene that produces Enzyme A, results in only 10 units of Enzyme A in birds homozygous for the mutation. The mutation would be best considered as"

A: suppressor

B: null

C: co-dominant

D: gain of function

E: leaky

Action of metabolic processes:

Oligomycin - Binds and blocks the proton channel in ATP synthase

Carbon monoxide - Inhibits cytochrome oxidase

2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) - Binds protons and moves them down their electrochemical gradient

Rotenone - Blocks electron transfer at NADH dehydrogenase

Explain how these metabolic poisons affect different processes during cell respiration?

- Effect on electron transport (increased, decreased, no effect) and why

- Effect on ATP synthesis (increased, decreased, no effect) and why

Mitochondria function questions

1. Why do you think there was no change in the O2 concentration when the pyruvate only solution was added?

2. Why do you think there was no change in the O2 concentration when the ADP only solution was added?

3. Why do you think there WAS a change in the O2 concentration when the Pyruvate and ADP together solution was added?

4. Why do you think there was no change in the O2 concentration when the Rotenone only solution was added?

5. Why do you think there was no change in the O2 concentration when the Pyruvate, ADP, and Rodenone together solution was added?

1. Which of the following statements about evolution and ecology is TRUE?

Evolutionary processes and ecological processes can occur on similar time scales.

Evolution by natural selection is generally not mediated by ecological phenomena (such as predation).

The evolution of a population will not affect how its members interact with individuals of other species.

Rapid evolution is possible only when a population's chemical environment changes quickly.

2. After common ragweed reached Japan a century ago and escaped their leaf beetle enemies, populations of the plants evolved reduced investment in defense and greater investment in growth. During the last 20 years or so, ragweed leaf beetles have appeared in some parts of mainland Japan. Which of the following scenarios is most likely now happening as a result?

Japanese ragweed is evolving back toward greater investment in defense and reduced investment in growth, as a result of selection by herbivory from beetles.

Japanese ragweed is not evolving a new investment strategy, because it takes more than a couple of decades for a population to evolve.

Japanese ragweed is not evolving a new investment strategy, because the beetles no longer eat the plants.

Japanese ragweed is evolving greater investment in defense and greater investment in growth because both defense and growth are beneficial.

3. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution can act on a single population at the same time?

Only natural selection and genetic drift can happen at the same time.

Genetic drift, migration, and mutation can happen at the same time, but not with natural selection.

Natural selection, genetic drift, migration, and mutation can all happen at the same time.

None of the above. Only one mechanism can act on a population at a time.

1.How are DNA microarrays used to diagnose disease?

2.How does gene therapy work?

3.What things have held back more extensive use of gene therapy (why doesn’t everyone with a genetic disease get treated with gene therapy?

3. What is an STR and what is useful for?

5. Homozygous black-colored (BB), wavy-haired (HH), with short coat (SS) female minks were mated with homozygous white-colored (bb), straight-haired (hh) and with long coat (ss) males. F1 females produced from the above cross were testcrossed with the white-colored, straight-haired, long-haired males:

Black, straight, long 42

White, wavy, short 38

Black, straight, short 7

Black, wavy, short 348

White, wavy, long 9

White, straight, long 356

Calculate the gene distance and construct the genetic map.
Question did not indicate if it was a 2 point or 3 point cross.

Sludy Guicde Questions:
1. Construct a lable comparing/citing the diflerences between oncogenes and TSG

Please use various visual cortical cell types and processes in providing brief sketches of how these neural phenomena come about. Speculate but be as specific as you can. A couple of sentences may be sufficient for each.

1) Depth Perception

2) The Completion Phenomenon

3) Color and Pattern Recognition

rRNAs and tRNAs undergo extension base modifications. For rRNAs, what types of modifications occur and how are they introduced?

Say you have a mixture of four proteins with the following properties:

Protein A: MW of 30 kDa, pI = 5.0, binds to nitrilotriacetic acid

Protein B: MW of 35 kDa, pI = 4.5, low solubility and will precipitate in 5% (w/v) (NH4)2SO4

Protein C: MW of 100 kDa, pI = 4.7

Protein D: MW of 30 kDa, pI = 7.4

(a) Using a flow chart, propose a purification strategy to purify and separate the proteins

(b) What technique(s) would you use to verify the success of each step of your purification?

why red bone marrow gets replaced with yellow bone marrow as we age ?

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a signalling pathway that acts as a homeostatic regulator of vascular function. Its systemic actions include the regulation of blood pressure, natriuresis, and blood volume control. ACE2 is a type 1 integral membrane glycoprotein, that is expressed and active in most tissues. The highest expression of ACE2 is observed in the kidney, the endothelium, the lungs, and in the heart. ACE2 is the angiotensin-converting enzyme II.

It has been reported that ACE2 is the main host cell receptor of 2019-nCoV. It plays a crucial role in the entry of the virus into the cell to cause the final infection.

One study (*) reports the ACE2 expressed on the mucosa of oral cavity. They analyzed RNA-seq profiling data of 13 organ types with para-carcinoma normal tissues from TCGA, 14 organ types with normal tissues from FANTOM5 CAGE, and single-cell transcriptomes from independent data. They concluded that the oral cavity could be a potentially high risk for 2019-nCoV infectious.

TCGA - The Cancer Genome Atlas

FANTOM5 CAGE - The Mammalian Genome Cap Analysis of Gene Expression

(*) Xu, H., Zhong, L., Deng, J. et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci 12, 8 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x

Question: How can you design a project to study a mechanism of RAS upregulation by 2019-nCoV?

Hint: You can choose one problem (for example, blood pressure). Why are patients with high blood pressure more susceptible to 2019-nCoV infection? How can you study the upregulation of the RAS pathway?