A) Define mutualism in general and differentiate between obligate and facultative mutualisms. Give examples.

B) Discuss some plant-plant, plant-animal, animal-animal mutualisms

A) Discuss plant strategies to avoid herbivory

B) Compare and contrast sit-and-wait foragers to active foragers

Explain in words what the ubiquitination reactions are and how they function. What are the ubiquitination enzymes, where are they used in the pathway and what are their function? Explain how proteins starting with an acidic amino acid are recognized for ubiquitination (no structures needed).

(This is BIOchemistry)

A patient who is diabetic decides to go on the beef jerky diet. She eats almost nothing other than beef jerky and similar dried meat products. She does drink plenty of water and gets vitamin supplements. Describe how her body reacts to the diet. Be sure to list any concerns you might have about the diet and the person's health. (This problem relates to chapters 22, Biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and related molecules; and chapter 23, hormonal regulation and integration of mammalian metabolism, from the Lehninger Biochemistry textbook).

What is SOD and catalase? What reaction do they catalyze?

Which living organism has a primitive structure and which one has an advanced? (Bacteria; Animal)

One factor that makes it hard for pathogens and hosts to evolve "perfect" attacks or defenses is that natural selection acts on existing systems, which means that altering a system to fit a particular time and situation may make it less fit in other situations. A prime example of this is:

> VSG switching.

> All of the above.

> Somatic Recombination vs. Somatic Hypermutation.

> The CCR5 gene and the CCR5-delta32 mutation case.

can you please explain modes of transmission of e.coli

and please please explain virulence factors of E.coli in simple details.

thank you so much

72 year old man, complaining of flu like symptoms, but without a fever.He also has a rash on the right side of his body. The rash consists of fluid filled blisters is very painful. Worst pain he has every had.Checking with our medical intern, he asks if during the patient history, if we asked our patient if he had the chicken pox as a child and if he has been vaccinated against shingles.Why would a childhood disease be important now?…. And what does a vaccine have to do with this?please don't answer this question unless you know the complete answers to the case study form below.This case study is for nursing class.

Below is the Case Study Form:

Patient History:

Patient #:_______________________

Age:___________________________

Sex:___________________________

Occupation:______________________

Family History/Preconditions:

Relevant Recent History:

Signs and Symptoms:

Signs:

Symptoms:

Microbiology:

Causative Organism(s):_________________

Modes of Transmission:_________________

____________________________________

Prevention:___________________________

Virulence Factor:

Mechanism of Virulence Factor:

Treatment:

Drug Name:__________________________

Class of Drug:________________________

____________________________________

Type of Admission:____________________

Potential Side Effects of Drug Treatment:

Mechanism of Treatment:

Lab Work:

Type of Sample Received:_______________

____________________________________

Test(s) To Determine Causative Organism:

Positive Results of Test(s):

How does antibiotic resistance happen (from molecular mechanisms to HGT to societal factors)?

Define integrated control in your own words. What element of integrated control is the most challenging? Why? What are the challenges facing the development of an effective malaria vaccine.

An E. coli mutant isolated is simultaneously unable to utilize a large number of sugars, e.g. lactose, arabinose, maltose, as carbon source.  However, genetic analysis shows that each of the operons responsible for metabolism of each sugar is free of mutation.  Name a specific gene the mutation of which may account for this outcome?   Explain.

make a tree for the Chordates – include changes here too

SDS-Page Questions : Please answer all questions & explain.

1.Can I use SDS- page to diagnosis the urea cycle disorder : Arginase deficiency?

2.Would the mutated arginase have a different MW compared to the normal arginase?

3.Could you recognize/detect the mutated arginase on SDS- Page?