Discuss evolutionary factors that led to the emergence of PEPcarboxylase. (Mention C4 and CAM plants)

Compare and contrast 10 structural and genetic characteristics that distinguish between “Prokaryotic” and Eukaryotic cells. Be sure to define/describe the significance of the characteristics that you mention.

Lys residues stabilize the ?-helical conformation when they are the carboxyl end more than when they are at the amino end. (a) Briefly explain why, using chemical structure(s) to illustrate your reasoning. (b) How might helices be expected to grow in poly(Lys) molecules?

Compare in detail 2 microbial diseases of each of the following organ systems: skin, nervous system, and blood/lymphatic systems. How does a successful pathogen gain entry, invade host tissues (if applicable), and damage the host? What host defenses and medical treatments are a patient’s best hopes? Are disease symptoms caused by growth of the pathogen within the host, or by virulence factors (eg: toxins) released by the microbe, or both?

1.Describe how parasites may exert negative frequency dependent selection on their hosts.

2. Discuss how evolution of two focal species is expected to differ under Müllerian mimicry vs. Batesian mimicry.

Describe & diagram a basic bacteriophage reproductive cycle. How does this compare to infection by animal viruses? Describe at least 3 special adaptations, including latent phases, that some animal viruses have to avoid the immune system?

What recommendations would you make to ensure that the electronic health record could successfully provide data capable of meeting public health’s requirements and needs? Support your response with at least 2 academic sources.

14. What statement is true of prions?

a) Prions are produced by viruses.
b) Prion diseases can be prevented by cooking your meat.
c) Prions are abnormally shaped proteins that cause spongiform encephalopathies.
d) There are no prion diseases of humans, although there are several examples in animals.

15. What term best describes the following organisms: some with tetramembraneous chloroplasts, some with hairy flagellae, some with pseudopods; some with cuplike indentations in the cell membrane?

a) Excavata.

b) SAR.

c) Plantae.

d) Unikonta.

16. The term protista refers to :

a) A kingdom within the superkingom SAR.

b) A kingdom within the superkingdom Excavata.

c) It is a descriptive term or common name for unicellular, colonial, and some multicellular organisms that lack true tissues.

d) A phylum within the Kingdom Metazoa.

17. Which term best describes the following organism: a unicellular (single celled) eukaryote that has a single large mitochondrion, and causes Chagas disease or sleeping sickness.

a) Hypermastigophora.

b) Diplomonada.

c) Algae.

d) Trypanosoma.

e) Rhizopoda.

18. Which term does not describe a unicellular, photosynthetic, algae?

a) Apicomplexan.

b) Diatom.

c) Dinoflagllate.

d) Euglenoid.

19. What term best describes the following organism: a multicellular eukaryote with a chitinous cell wall that is an absorptive heterotroph?

a) Fungi.

b) Metazoa.

c) Plantae.

d) Excavata

20. What term describes fungal hyphae that have two haploid nuclei in each of the cells?

a) Haploid.

b) Diploid.

c) Dikaryotic.

d) Triploid.

e) Polyploid.

21. The complete mass of fungal cell filaments that forms a fungus is called a:

a) Hypha.

b) Mycelium.

c) Spore.

22. What Division of fungi produce spores in sac-like structures, morels are an example, and many form cup-like structures in addition to the sac-like sporangia?

a) Zygomycota.

b) Ascomycota.

c) Basidiomycota.

23. A lichen is best described as:

a) A plant.

b) A fungus.

c) An alga.

d) A symbiotic relationship between algae or cyanophyta; and fungi.

24. The Oomycota and slime molds are members of the Kingdom Fungi.

a) True.

b) False

Delivery systems that are not eliminated by degradation, phagocytosis or glomerular filtration can leave the bloodstream by crossing the endothelium to reach target tissues. This occurs most readily in tissues with discontinuous endothelia, such as in liver tissues and many solid tumours90. Fenestrations in the liver sinusoidal endothelium permit particles of 100–200nm in diameter to exit the bloodstream and gain access to hepatocytes and other liver cells104,105. In some tumours, a combination of highly permeable endothelia and poor lymphatic drainage can lead to increased accumulation of circulating nanoparticles in malignant tissue — an occurrence termed the enhanced permeation and retention effect

WHAT IS THIS MEAN???IN EASIER WAT DETAIL.

Compare the responses by serum complement (alternative pathway; 3 responses) to antibody- mediated responses (5 responses) to bacteria in the bloodstream. What host cells are involved in each response, and how are bacteria or other antigens destroyed or effectively removed?

Cancer cells grow uncontrollably and do not die. Do you think that the following defect would lead to a cancerous cell phenotype?  

"A gain of function mutation in growth factor signaling pathway RTK that causes constitutive (constant) kinase activity"

"A p53 protein that cannot be imported into the nucleus."

"A deletion of the polyadenylation signal sequence in the gene of growth factor signaling pathway protein TFa."

"A deletion in the TATA box in the promoter for the CDK inhibitor gene."

"The DNA in the region of the Rb gene is highly methylated and the histone tails are not acetylated."

"A frameshift mutation early in the protein coding region in the gene for G1 cyclin."

Explain what an activator is and how such proteins can regulate gene expression. You should include in your answer details of the genetic elements activators can bind to and outline two different molecular mechanisms by which activators can influence gene expression

Alpha thalassemia is a blood condition resulting from abnormal hemoglobin production, due to loss of function of copies of either HBA1 or HBA2 genes. These genes are very similar, and for simplicity’s sake we talk about having four copies of the HBA gene (two copies of each).

HBA1 and HBA2 genes are located next to each other, and therefore are described within the same allele. For example, αα indicates that both HBA1 and HBA2 copies on an allele are functioning, α- indicates an allele with one of the two genes functioning, and -- indicates an allele with neither gene functioning.

There are multiple versions of alpha thalassemia, which depend on how many of the four HBA copies are functioning. This is outlined in the table below, in order of severity (most severe -> least severe):

A man who is a silent carrier has a child with a woman who has α-thalassemia trait.

i)              Assuming the woman has mutations in cis, what are the possible offspring phenotypes for this child? Give the probability for each possible phenotype.

ii)             Assuming the woman has mutations in trans, what are the possible offspring phenotypes for this child? Give the probability for each possible phenotype.

2) discuss the current barriers to gene therapy.

Assess the following argument by analogy: Go through each of the 3 checks, and then write your conclusion about the analogy (strong or weak).

Check #1: Specify exactly what is being compared

Check #2: List several similarities (both of the objects/events/ideas compared have a, b, and c).

Check #3: Find at least 1 key difference if you can (the objects/events/ideas compared are different in d or in e). This is a matter of quality, not quantity

Is this weak or strong analogy?

Mice are mammals, have a mammalian circulatory system, have typical mammalian biochemical reactions, and experience a reduction in blood cholesterol when given the new Drug Z. Humans are mammals, have a mammalian circulatory system, and have typical mammalian biochemical reactions. Therefore, humans will also experience a reduction in blood cholesterol when given the new Drug Z.