2. At what point do the carbon atoms of each of the following amino acids enter metabolic pathways for the production of energy? State citric acid cycle, etc.

a. valine b. proline c. glycine

8. Explain how the lacZ gene will be expressed when bacteria with loss-of-function mutations in the lacI gene are in an environment free of both lactose and glucose.

Some bacteria produce multiple toxins that interfere with the host’s immune response. For example, one bacterial toxin is a protease that cleaves the proteins that form tight junctions between skin cells. The result is severe, widespread blistering (patches of skin sort of peel away from the body). (a) Explain how this toxin helps the pathogen. (b) What branch of the immune system can best defend against this toxin?

Explain the mechanism by which a missense mutation in the RAS gene that impairs the GTPase activity of the RAS protein promotes cancer cell division.

. Explain the mechanism by which the signaling by the Epinephrine receptor is amplified inside the cell. And also explain the merit of signal amplification.

Hypothesis 1: Mercury in thimerosal caused neurological damage in children, and is at least partly responsible for
the increase in autism diagnoses.
Hypothesis 2: The rate of autism incidence is not increasing, only the rate of autism diagnoses, as greater awareness
of the syndrome and increased screening of children yields more positive diagnoses of autism.

based on both hypothesis..

Do both hypotheses make testable predictions? How could you test them? please explain

One page ( on Word, 400 words) summary of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine at 2012

Please dont send in a hand-written picture.. they are hard to read.

What three forms of RNA are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Why are these three common to all organisms (describe their cellular functions)?

1. In your own words, describe the four types of inducible repression. Explain how they cause repression (4 pts each). Identify whether they are cis acting or trans acting (1 pt each).

1-Explane these process and the role of bacteria:

- Ammonification

- Nitrification

- Denitrification,

2- Identify three beneficial results of symbiotic nitrogen fixation

3- Outline the sulfur cycle, and explain the roles of microorganisms in this cycle

Antibiotics are used to eliminate which organisms.

Short Discussion – 1 paragraph

What makes DNA and RNA good templates? What makes proteins poor templates?

Microbiology!

1. If allolactose is not present, the lac repressor will stay bound to the operator, and the lac operon will not be transcribed. TRUE OR FALSE

2. The transfer of a plasmid from one cell to another through direct cell-to-cell contact is called _____________.

-Transformation

-Mutation

-Transduction

-Conjugation

3. Bacteria that can naturally take up free DNA and recombine it into their chromosome are called ______________.

- F+ cells

-transformed

-competent

-transduced