Which of the following is true about interferon?

It is released by uninfected cells during a viral infection

It is produced by virally infected cells during a viral infection, whereupon it inhibits further viral replication within the cells where it is made.

It is produced by virally infected cells to activate helper T-cells.

It is released by virally infected cells to induce an antiviral state in uninfected cells. It is released by cells in lymph nodes to attract T cells to the lymph node.

Question 3a:

Translation is another name for protein synthesis. How does the ribosome know that it should terminate translation?

Describe briefly what happens to terminate translation.

Question 3b:

i) What does it mean when someone says that a mutation is cis-acting?

ii) What would it mean if someone said that a mutation is trans-acting?

Question 2:

Translation is another name for protein synthesis. There are three steps that take place repeatedly during elongation.

a) Give the name and a short description of what happens during the first step of elongation during translation?

b) Give the name and a short description of what happens during the second step of elongation during translation?

C) Give the name and a short description of what happens during the third step of elongation during translation?

Please help! Thanks

What is allomothering and how is it manifested? Use no less than three examples (at least one human and one nonhuman)? What are the most important benefits attributed to social units that engage in allomothering? How might this information be useful in modern society?

Why do most human bodies tan when exposed to UV light? Explain the possible relationships between ultraviolet light, vitamin D, folic acid and melanin production with regard to the evolution of various skin colors in human population

DNA EXTRACTION & PURITY PROTOCOL

1. Add a small piece of peeled banana (2-3 cm) and 12mL extraction buffer (NaCl & Sodium Citrate) into the beaker. This buffer contains salts necessary for the precipitation of the DNA. The ions in the solution make it more polar facilitating the dissolving of the DNA.
2. Add 3mL detergent into the beaker. This will break open the cells and dissolve the DNA. Detergent breaks up the lipids of the plasma and nuclear membranes

Questions:

a. Why does a more polar solution make DNA more likely to dissolve?

b. How does detergent break up lipids in a membrane?

Imagine you identified what you believe to be a new, previously-unidentified spe- cies of bacterium. You therefore cultured the bacterium in the lab, purified RNA from the bacteria, made cDNA from the RNA, and obtained its sequence. What next step would you take to confirm whether this is, indeed, a novel species?

describe the components of endomembrane system:nuclear envelope,endoplasmic reticulum,golgi appartaus,lysosomes,vacuoles,plasma membrane with their functions and structure

2-3 sentences each,in your own words please

not copy-paste from the internet

From the bloodstream, siRNA will undergo initial distribution through a circulatory system in a few minutes. siRNA undergoes certain pathways to get eliminated from blood. It will get accumulated in the liver and through renal filtration and finally it will be excluded through urine. Many delivery systems blocks the passage of siRNA through kidneys by enfolding in to larger particles of size 20 nm17. Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is the main component of renal filtration barrier. GBM causes disassembly of catatonic cyclodextrin containing polymer based siRNA nanoparticles, thereby facilitating rapid elimination of siRNA from circulation. siRNA generally assembled by electrostatic interactions between catatonic delivery components but that will be disturbed by GBM ( when siRNA binds with negativity charged GBM) since siRNA normally accumulate in GBM.

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Why are these materials typically used ?? Please answer for both materials please.

1.Reagent kit for Probe Labeling

2.Oligonucleotides for PCR amplification

In alpine and tundra habitats, plants have to cope with severe environmental conditions (cold and wind) during winter. In the summer, they produce extreme floral displays in order to attract pollinators, since the summers are short and the reproductive window is small. Discuss these strategies from the point of view of Grime’s C-S-R model.

Ear lobes: detached ear lobes (dominant): 62, attached ear lobes (recessive): 38.

Draw Punnett Square:                                 Assume the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

                                                                        Calculate the allele frequencies:        p =          , q =

                                                                        Expected frequency of EE:

                                                                                                              Ee:

                                                                                                              ee:

List 5 molecules and cell types that are shared and interconnect the Innate defenses of the body with the Acquired/Adaptive Immunity pathways. Define the defensive functions of each shared component and explain how they connect the immune and innate pathways.

Compare and contrast 5 differences between the humoral and cell-mediated responses of the Acquired Immune System to pathogen invasion. What cells and protein/chemical factors are involved in each during a successful response? How is long-term immunity produced? What cells and chemical factors are involved in both responses?