You intend to use bacteria to produce ethanol for your spin-off business in Palapye. The bacteria (strain: Ethanol Blue) you have, is a very poor ethanol producer and is very sensitive to ethanol. However, an industrial strain (strain: Ethanol Red), which has both an elevated ethanol producing and a high ethanol tolerance trait, is available in your laboratory collections for use as a control. Both bacteria sporulate with relative ease. Note that an elevated ethanol producer is always resistant to elevated amounts of ethanol. a) Isn’t it strange that natural bacteria isolates produce ethanol? Explain. [2 marks] b) Briefly describe 2 methods (taking advantage of their sporulation ability only) you would use to improve the fermentative capacity of Ethanol Blue. [4 marks] c) State any other methods other than evolutionary engineering and recombinant DNA technology that can be used to develop the strain. [2 marks] d) Is there a correlation between ethanol production and tolerance? [2 marks] Total [10 marks]

Functional assays vs. protein density: what happens to each if protein is denatured

Design an experiment that will determine whether oligomycin is an ETC inhibitor or an uncoupling agent.

How many different ways can homologous recombination cause gene conversion?

A) two

B) one

C) four

D) three

A newly identified bacterial strain needs melrose as a growth factor. To synthesize melrose these bacteria use three enzymes that are encoded by the genes melA, melB and melC in the mel operon. The expression of these three genes is controlled by a regulatory protein MelR. Melrose binds to MelR, and it changes the ability of MelR to bind to the regulatory region of the mel operon.

The mel genes are expressed only in the absence of melrose. The regulator MelR, only in the absence of melrose, can bind at the regulatory region of mel operon.

Answer all questions

1. Draw the mel operon showing structural and regulatory genes, the regulatory region including the promoter and terminator. Describe the role of each term in your drawing.
2. Show the regulation model of the mel operon in the presence of melrose. In your figures, include structural genes, regulatory region, MelR, melrose, transcription and translation. Describe the process of how gene expression is turned ON or OFF in the presence of Melrose.
3. Show the regulation model of the mel operon in the absence of melrose. In your figures, include structural genes, regulatory region, MelR, transcription and translation. Describe the process how gene expression is turned ON or OFF in the absence of melrose.

d. Answer the following questions and provide an explanation for each answer     

i. Is the mel operon inducible or repressible?

2. Is the MelR a positive or negative regulator?

5. Predict the expression of the mel operon in the following three melR mutants melR1, melR2 and melR3. Choose an answer as regulated or constitutive or no expression, including an explanation.

i. In a melR1 mutant, MelR has lost the ability to bind to melrose.

ii. In a melR2 mutant, MelR cannot bind to the regulatory region irrespective of the presence or absence of melrose.

3. In a melR3 mutant, MelR binds to the regulatory region irrespective of the presence or absence of melrose.

Describe the following briefly:

What detrimental and beneficial effects can bacteria have on humans?

Bacteria evolutionary adaptations to survive harsh environmental conditions.

Bacteria abilities to "develop" antibiotic resistance.

Roles prokaryotes play in our biosphere.

What does SDS- PAGE do? Why is measuring molecular weight valuable? How to pick PA gel density?

Evolutionary biology: Compare and contrast the Hamilton & Zuk hypothesis to the Immunocompetence Handicap hypothesis.

Q2 A mutant monkey was identified that showed resistance to a viral disease ‘Kansah’. The kan gene, responsible for the disease resistance, was identified and cloned. A molecular technique revealed the presence of kan in human cells. Later these researchers isolated RNA from liver, kidney, gut and skin cells. The researchers prepared cDNA using reverse transcriptase and then performed real-time PCR to measure the expression of the kan gene. The Ct values for samples from gut, kidney, liver and skin cells were 20, 25, 23 and 38, respectively. Answer the following questions

a. What is real-time PCR? How does it differ from the standard PCR?

b. What do you understand by the term Ct value? Explain using a figure.

c. Which cells have the highest expression of kan? Explain your answer.

d. If a liver cell makes 1,000 molecules of Kan protein, how many molecules will you expect from a single kidney cell?

e. If a liver cell makes 1,000 molecules of Kan protein, how many molecules will you expect from a single gut cell?

Homework is to right an essay about *Blood pressure measurement methodology* Minimum one page as a word document

Describe allosteric regulation of enzyme activity. How does allosteric inhibition differ from other modes of regulation, and how can these work in concert to finely regulate enzyme activity? Provide an example, describe in detail, and use diagrams to help illustrate your point.

What would happen if you implanted a capsule that slowly released high levels of estradiol in the AVPV of a female rat?

1- Natural selection (pick all that apply)

Group of answer choices

is a random event

can fashion perfect organisms

consistently creates non-adaptive traits

interacts with chance and the environment

does not require genetic variation to generate adaptations in descedent populations

2- Genetic drift can result when a few individuals colonize a new habitat - this is called what?

Group of answer choices

the founder effect

gene flow

genetic bottleneck

artificial selection

3- All animals belong to this domain.

Group of answer choices

Eukarya

Bacteria

Prokarya

Animalia

4- Pick characteristic(s) that apply to ALL animals.

Group of answer choices

Multicellular

single celled

Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic

Heterotrphic

Autotrophic

have no cell walls

active movement in at least one stage of life

have specialized proteins like collagen

5- What is the type of symmetry where the left and right sides of the animal are mirror images?

Group of answer choices

Bilateral

Radial

Asymmetry

6- These are the most successful group of mollusks in terms of numbers and habitats occupied.
Group of answer choices

gastropods

cephalopods

bivalves

chitons

7- What do we mean by the trophic structure of an ecosystem?
Group of answer choices

the feeding relationships between organisms in the community.

the sum of all the globes ecosystems

a biome

the amount of bioaccumulation

8- The increasing concentration of persistent organic pollutants in organisms at each successive trophic level is referred to as what?
Group of answer choices

biological magnification

energy pyramids

food webs

feeding sickness

9- This type of terrestrial biome is a rainforest which is characterized by an abundance of evergreen trees. Several of these rainforests can be found here in Washington at Olympic National Park
Group of answer choices

temperate rainforest

tropical rainforest

tundra

temperate grasslands