Compare and contrast triglyceride synthesis, fatty acid synthesis, and phospholipid synthesis

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The function of tRNA is to

Select one:

a. provide a site for polypeptide synthesis

b. transport amino acids to the ribosome

c. transcribe DNA

d. transform DNA

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The lipid bi-layer is

Select one:

a. hydrophilic

b. hydrophobic

c. hydrophilic and hydrophobic

d. depends on the surrounding medium

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Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Select one:

a. carbohydrates are generally hydrophilic molecules.

b. living things use carbohydrates for structure and for energy storage.

c. carbohydrates are composed principally of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

d. none of the above – they are all true

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Which of the following terms correctly describes a compound featuring more than one double bond?

Select one:

a. saturated

b. polyunsaturated

c. monounsaturated

d. disaturated

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Eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are protected from modification by

Select one:

a. 5' caps

b. 5' poly-A caps

c. 3' caps

d. 5'-3' poly tails

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The methods of membrane transport that don't require protein channels or carriers are

Select one:

a. osmosis

b. diffusion

c. phagocytosis

d. exocytosis

e. all of the above

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Complete the following sentences: "Primary active transport is dependent on __________. Secondary active transport is dependent on __________ created by __________.

Select one:

a. channel proteins, electrochemical gradient, carrier proteins

b. electrochemical gradient, ATP, mitochondria

c. electrochemical gradient, ATP, primary active transport

d. ATP, electrochemical gradient, primary active transport

e. carrier proteins, electrochemical gradient, channel protein

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Which of the following is a reduced compound?

Select one:

a. CO2

b. O2

c. N2

d. NAD +

e. NADH

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Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according to their:

Select one:

a. base sequence

b. size

c. percentage of labelled nucleotides

d. electrical charge

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G0 is:

Select one:

a. part of interphase

b. the phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs

c. the phase of the cell cycle where two identical daughter cells are created

d. a special "resting" phase in which cells are in a non cycling state

e. a special phase where the number of chromosomes in a parent cell is reduced by half such that each daughter cell contains only one member of a pair of homologous chromosomes

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At which pH will the concentration of hydrogen ions be equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions?

Select one:

a. pH 1

b. pH 5

c. pH 7

d. pH 9

e. pH 14

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Which of the following enzymes has proofreading activity?

Select one:

a. Ligase

b. Helicase

c. Topoisomerase

d. DNA polymerase

e. Peptidyl transferase

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The process of _______________ cuts introns from the primary transcript and the final "processed" mRNA is produced.

Select one:

a. RNA cleaving

b. RNA translocation

c. RNA elongation

d. RNA splicing

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Transcription is initiated when RNA polymerase binds to

Select one:

a. a promoter

b. an initiator

c. a transciptor

d. a codon

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Complete the following sentences: "__________ connect the extracellular matrix with microfilaments. __________ connect intermediate filaments from adjacent cells."

Select one:

a. Cadherins, Integrins

b. Connexins, Cadherins

c. Integrins, Cadherins

d. Integrins, Connexins

e. Connexins, Integrins

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Which of the following regions of RNAs are translated?

Select one:

a. 5' UTR

b. exons

c. introns

d. 3' UTR

e. poly-A

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Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(s)?

Select one:

a. only the transcriptional level

b. epigenetic and transcriptional levels

c. epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational levels

d. epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslational levels

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Cellular organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes are called:

Select one:

a. peroxisomes

b. lysosomes

c. ribosomes

d. mesosomes

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______ are chemicals or combinations of chemicals that take up excess hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions in order to keep the pH constant.

Select one:

a. acids

b. bases

c. salts

d. buffers

e. carbohydrates

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Which of the following proteins appear in some stages of the cell cycle and are degraded at other stages?

Select one:

a. kinases

b. cyclins

c. nucleotides

d. phosphatases

e. none of the above

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Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function?

Select one:

a. mitochondrion   photosynthesis

b. nucleus                cellular respiration

c. ribosome                           manufacture of lipids

d. lysosome                            movement

e. central vacuole storage

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What is the sequence corresponding to the following electropherogram obtained by Sanger sequencing (green: A; red:T; black: G; blue: C)?

Select one:

a. CCGTTATGAAC

b. GGCTTATGAAG

c. CAACTATTGCC

d. GGCAATAGTTG

e. CCGTTATCAAC

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Which of the following statement is true

Select one:

a. the two DNA strands are parallel and complementary

b. the two DNA strands are anti parallel and non-complementary

c. the two DNA strands are anti-parallel and complementary

d. none of these

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The energy-requiring process by which small molecules are joined to form larger molecules is specifically called

Select one:

a. metabolism

b. anabolism

c. catabolism

d. enzymatic reactions

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When DNA replication starts

Select one:

a. the phosphodiester bonds between the adjacent nucleotides break

b. the bonds between the nitrogen base and deoxyribose sugar break

c. the leading strand produces Okazaki fragments

d. the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides of two strand break

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A(n)_______ is the movement of a segment of a chromosome from one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome

Select one:

a. inversion

b. translocation

c. deletion

d. duplication

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Complete the following sentences: "Replication forks from the same origin of replication extend __________. __________ DNA strand is used as template for the leading strand at one fork and for the lagging strand at the second fork. New DNA is synthesized from 5' to 3' on the __________."

Select one:

a. unidirectionally, A different, both the leading and lagging strands

b. bidirectionally, The same, leading strand

c. bidirectionally, The same, lagging strand

d. unidirectionally, A different, leading strand

e. bidirectionally, The same, both the leading and lagging strands

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Manufacturing recombinant DNA molecules involves cutting a gene from its normal location, inserting it into a circular piece of DNA from a bacterial cell, and then transferring the circle of DNA to cells of another species. Which of the below describe the circular piece of DNA?

Select one:

a. restriction enzyme

b. plasmid

c. bacteriophage

d. transposon

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Complete the following chemical equation to make it balanced: glycerol + ___ ? triacylglycerol + ___

Select one:

a. 3 fatty acid, 3 H2O

b. fatty acid, H2O

c. 3 OH-, 3 H+

d. 3 H2O, 3 fatty acid

e. fatty acid, 3 H2O

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Which structure is found in plant cells but not animal cells? Check all that apply.

Select one or more:

a. Cell wall

b. Chloroplast

c. Plastid

d. Central vacuole

e. Lysosomes

how amphibians have adapted their morphology and physiology to terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal or freshwater aquatic ecosystems? Provide specific examples from the three extant orders of amphibians (Anura, Urodela and Gymnophiona). (350 words) no plagiarism

Which wavelengths penetrate shallower and deeper layers of leaves? Why?

I have a quiz for the cell structures and their functions. Please answer these questions.

1. CHEEK CELLS

Cheek cells are not the major producers of mucus in the mouth, they do produce a small amount of mucopolysaccharide. What inclusions should be especially numerous in the cytoplasm of these cells in order to make and excrete such a substance? What function does their flat shape provide?

2. BLOOD SMEAR (FROG & HUMAN)

How they differ? How is each adapted to the metabolic level of its owners? What is the function of these cells? What is the natural selection benefit of removing nuclei and mitochondria from the human red blood cells?

3. LEAF TISSUE (cross section)

Is there a cell membrane? A cell wall? Note the green pigment in the chloroplasts. Is green color found outside of chloroplasts? Why?

4. GIANT MULTIPOLAR NEURON

Look for the long fibers that support the processes. What cytoskeletal components are these composed of? Can you suggest a function for this characteristic?

5.SPERM (frog)

How do this structure and size relate to the function of a sperm?

6. ADIPOSE TISSUE

Look for cell boundaries and nuclei in the cytoplasmic areas. Can you suggest a function of these fat cells?

7.EPITHELIUM (columnar)

What is the internal structure of microvilli? What is their function?

The Red Queen hypothesis is considered to be a special example of balancing selection. Which kind of balancing selection below do you think that is?

(a) overdominance

(b) spatially or temporally variable selection

(c) negative frequency-dependent selection

Given your answer for above, what would we expect in terms of long-term evolution of genotypes in a snail population? Briefly describe the pattern we would observe across many generations.

1.Name the exocrine glands that belong to mucosal immune system.

2. Give the definition of commensal bacterium.

3. In this list, which belongs to peptide’s group?

a. Histatin b.Phospholipase A c. Lysozyme L d. β-defensin

4. M cells produce the mucus in the gastrointestinal track

True or False

5 .B cells present the antigen to dendritic cells that secrete Igs

True or False

6. α-defensins are secreted by

a. M cells b. Macrophages c.paneth cells d.Intraepithelial cells

7. Name minimum 3 markers express on IELs.

8. In the blood, we find monomer of IgA

True or False

9. Salmonella typhimurium is a commensal bacterium.

True or False

10. Give 5 riks factors for inflammatory bowel disease.

Blue-eyed Mary is a small wildflower whose petals may have one of three colors: blue, pink, or white. Petal color is determined by the action of two independently assorting gene loci:


• Deposit pigment (D/d)

  • D (fully dominant) = deposit pigment in petals
  • d (fully recessive) = do not deposit pigment in petals; petals are white

• Blue pigment (B/b)

  • B (fully dominant) = pigment deposited in petals is blue

  • b (fully recessive) = pigment deposited in petals is pink


A (3). A plant breeder crosses blue-eyed Mary plants with white flowers with other ones that have pink flowers.  All of the many F₁ offspring of this cross have blue flowers. What were the genotypes of the white and pink parents? Please show your work.











B (3). The breeder then crosses two of the blue-flowered F₁ offspring from part A. What are the proportions of blue-, pink-, and white-flowered blue-eyed Mary plants that we should expect to see among the F₂ offspring of this cross? Please show your work.


The disease Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) caused by loss-of-function mutation of a gene called RPE65, has been treated with gene therapy by injecting recombinant AAV vectors containing a normal copy of the RPE65 gene into their retinal epithelial cells. Patients receiving this therapy:

May need to repeat the treatment as the viral DNA is degraded

May acquire detrimental mutations due to integration of the virus

Will pass the mutation to their offspring

Now have the normal RPE65 gene

Pharming refers to the use of transgenic animals and plants to produce a protein drug, such as…

GM plants that have enhanced nutritional value

The production of the blood factor antithrombin III in goat milk

The production of factor VIII protein, the blood-clotting factor, by bacteria.

A transgenic monkey model for Huntington disease

Staphylococcus aureus would have which of the following lab test results:

a) alpha hemolytic, catalase positive, coagulase positive
b) beta hemolytic, catalase positive, coagulase positive

c) beta hemolytic catalase negative, coagulase negative

d) beta hemolytic catalase positive, coagulase negative

How to get cells of plastic dish in staining (flow cytometry)? and how to stain the inside of the cell?

List the various ways that one could test for the presence of a pathogen (not the immune response) in a human clinical sample. (Hint: think about the viral genome and central dogma of molecular biology.) ?