Wild harebells have blue flowers. Two strains of harebells carry recessive alleles that give the plants white flowers.

a. Describe a cross to determine whether the white-flower causing alleles in these two strains are variants of the same gene or different genes, and the progeny phenotypes you expect to find in each case.

b. You results from the cross above indicate that the two strains carry alleles at different genes. What phenotypic ratio do you expect to find among the F2 progeny of a cross between parents of the two strains?

Most drugs cannot be excreted unchanged by the body but have to go through the process of drug metabolism. Drug metabolism enables structural change within the drug allowing for its’ elimination from the body. Describe in detail the processes involved in drug metabolism. Your answer should include the reactions of phase I and phase II metabolism, the control of expression of cytochrome P450s and detailed examples of these processes in drugs chosen by you.

2) (i)What does KM mean experimentally in terms of what you add in an Eppendorf tube? (ii) How does it differ from KD?

1. List & describe the various characteristics that distinguish living things from non-living things.

You are wanting to breed a herd of super-cattle, which will be heavier than other cattle in Nebraska. You start with a population with a mean weight of 1450 lbs. You select the top 20% of your cattle for weight, which has a mean of 1550 lbs. You then breed only the selected cattle together and observe that the mean weight of the offspring is 1475 lbs.

a. What is the narrow-sense heritability for cattle weight for this population of cattle?

b. Your neighbor’s herd has a narrow-sense heritability of 40% (or 0.40) for cattle weight. Which herd, yours or the neighbor’s, would be best to use to breed the herd of super-cattle?

1) You are screening a population of 350 island sheep for coat color, and you count 100 black sheep and 250 white sheep. What is p, the frequency of the “black” allele of the TYRP1 gene? Crossing true breeding black sheep with true breeding white sheep always results in 100% black sheep.

2) In the same population, if it is under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, how many individuals do you expect to be heterozygous at TYRP1?

3) You come back after the population has gone through one generation, and count 445 white sheep and 208 black sheep. What is the expected number of heterozygotes in the new generation, if this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

4) What is the observed number of heterozygotes in the new generation?

5) Using the same logic, you get the expected and observed number of homozygotes in the new generation, and run a χ² test. You find your p-value is 0.8377. What can you say about this population?

Cancer is genetics but is not inherited. This means that all cancer cases happened due to damages of the DNA but it will not be passed into future generations, what do you think? Yes or No and Why? [Write two paragraphs]

Please don't use older questions that are posted .. If you going to write it, please be as neat as possible. "Two paragraphs needed". Thank you in advance!

Please answer

what are endospores and describe ( structure and function) and Why might endospores give a species of bacteria a competitive advantage and What primary and secondary stain will we be using during the endospore stain?

1. explain in detail Caughly’s research on kangaroos

2. IN DETAIL what are the definitions of fundamental and realized niche. using examples: (especially the barnacles and tiger beetles)

3. IN DETAIL what are the Rabinowitz’s classifications for rarity (i.e., Rarity I, Rarity II, etc.).

propose a mechanism by which chemotaxis is used by E. coli to move away from a repellent.

In particular, think about the following:

• Describe the interaction between the chemoreceptors and the two-component regulatory system when dealing with a repellent
• What kind of flagellar movement does this cause?
• How can the cell detect whether it’s moving away or towards a repellent in a gradient?

What are the different types of variations in composition and arrangements of chromosomes?

What are deletions, duplications, inversions and translocations?

What are karyotypes and how can they help us measure chromosome numbers and variations?

What are the mechanisms by which an organism's genome is passed on to the next generation?

Please answer ALL questions!!

How can independent assortment of alleles during meiosis lead to new combinations of alleles of unlinked genes?

How do crossing-overs cause new combinations of alleles of linked genes?

What are the determinants of gender in humans and other organisms?

What are strategies for sex chromosome dosage compensation?

How is DNA organized in organisms?

How is the DNA packed in the nucleus?

Pkease answer ALL QUESTIONS!

1) LIST THE CHARACTERISTICS THAT UNITE THE MOLLUSCS AND ANNELIDS.

2) Compare the circulatory system of the heart for fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

3)Define a mammal and distinguish between the three major types of mammals.

1.1 Maria is a genetic counselor and has a son who looks very much like her. Total strangers often say “He is your little clone—he looks just like you!” She’s tempted to retort, “No he’s not! You obviously don’t know anything about genetics!” but instead just says “Thank you.”

a. Based on what you know about genetics explain why Maria’s son could not be her clone.

b. Would it be legal to for Maria to make a clone of herself? Should it be? Explain your answer in 1-2 sentences.

1.2 When I was an undergraduate, a friend of mine who knew I was working on genetics offered to pay me a tidy sum to clone his dog Mitzi, who he loved dearly, so that he would never have to be without her. Although I could have used the money, I declined.

a. If I had cloned Mitzi, would Mitzi’s clone have been identical to Mitzi in appearance and behavior?

b. If she would not have been identical, explain why not in terms of genetics and gene expression.

1.3 (2 pts) List an example of a clone that is found in nature (rather than made in agricultural practice or the lab) in each of the following categories and escribe the characteristic(s) that qualify it to be considered a clone, in 1-2 sentences.

a. Single-celled organism

b. Plant

c. Animal

1.4 Plants have been genetically modified for many different reasons, which can be loosely grouped into two categories:

To increase yield. Examples include pesticide resistance, longer shelf-life modification and drought resistance.

To directly improve human health. Examples include: increasing the nutritional value of crops, removing allergenic substances, and using crops to produce vaccines.

Find one example of a crop in each category, then answer the following questions for each. Do not use examples we will discuss in class, which are BT, Round-up ready crops and Golden Rice, or other crops modified to make beta carotene.

a.GMO plants to increase yield (3 pts)

i.Name the GMO (e.g corn) and the gene or genes that were added or changed.

ii.What benefit(s) does the gene/s confer to the crop?

iii.Is this product in commercial use today?

iv.What are the regulations on the use of this product? Does it need to be labeled? Do farmers have to have a special permit to grow it?

v.What is one concern regarding the use of this crop?

b.GMO plants to benefit human health (3 pts)

i.Name the GMO (e.g corn) and the gene or genes that were added or changed.

ii.What benefit(s) does the gene/s confer to humans?

iii.Is this product in commercial use today?

iv.What are the regulations on the use of this product? Does it need to be labeled? Do farmers have to have a special permit to grow it?

v.         What is one concern regarding the use of this crop?