1) When viewing a mixed culture of bacteria under a microscope, you notice that there is significant diversity in their arrangements and shapes.Describe the types of bacterial cell arrangements and what determines the diversity in these arrangements.Explain why Bacilli are less varied in arrangement than cocci? (Minimum length : 150 words).

How does Aspartic acid mutated to glycine?

What are the effects of the mutation to a protein? What would is change

1. Define and briefly describe in the space below the processes of digital image capture, image enhancement and image analysis in microscopy (1 page limit)

about General and Confocal Microscopy and Image Analysis

This year’s flu, which is dominated by H3N2 (an influenza A strain), has caused severe morbidity and mortality. The virus is usually spread through contact with aerosols and droplets, and introduced into epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. Both you and your wife caught flu two-three week ago, and had miserable time with similar symptoms although you got sick first and then she came down 1 week later. In addition to experiencing local symptoms, like sore throat and nasal congestion, you two also had systemic symptoms, such as fever and muscle pain. Many of these symptoms likely reflect ongoing immune reactions. Ten days later, you recovered completely. With the knowledge just learned in the past three lectures, please describe how your immune system worked to fight off the infection.

To determine if you developed virus-specific T cell immunity, you collected CD8+ T cells from your own blood (not your wife’s) and expanded some epithelial cells isolated either from your own nasal swap or nasal isolate of your wife (assuming you could collect these cells). These epithelial cells were infected in a test tube to serve as targets (i.e., target/H3N2) for analyzing activity of your CD8 cells. Specifically, you mixed your CD8+ cells with either your own epithelial cells (target-A) or epithelial cells derived from your wife (target-B), illustrated as below, would these target cells be killed by your CD8 cells and why?

1.CD8+ cells + Target-A/H3N2

2.CD8+ cells + Target-B/H3N2

1) Why is codon bias important?

2) If you had a bacterial cell in a solution of sodium at 0.5 M outside the cell and 0.8 M inside the cell and K+ at 0.3 M outside the cell and 0.5 M inside the cell. If this is an antiporter, with the sodium coming into the cell as the as potassium (K+) moves out of the cell, which molecule sodium or potassium provides the energy for this transporter? How do you know?

Experiment 2

QUESTIONS:::PLEASE ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS AS THEY GO TOGETHER. Everytime questions that go together get split up and not answered i have to repost and other people dont know how to answer questions so my questions get wasted and incorrect answers from not knowing previous question or answer.

25. How would you know if your results from experiment 2 show that the traits were inherited through Mendelian genetics?

27. Determine the Χ2 value for Experiment 2 using the following equation. Record your answer for use in a later question. Show your work.

28. Use the degrees of freedom and Χ2 value from earlier questions to determine the p value for Experiment 2 using the table of critical values for Χ2. Record your answer for use in a later question.

29. Use the hypothesis, degrees of freedom, Χ2, and p value determined in earlier questions to conclude whether corn #2 is following Mendelian genetics. Explain your reasoning.

1. Select a contrast mode in microscopy. In the space below, describe and illustrate it in detail (hint: phase, dark-field, bright-field) (1 page limit)

Read the article (link is below) and answer the questions that follows in a paper format. (Paper has to be 1-page, 11-inch font- single-spaced).

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/50596700_A_long_noncoding_RNA_maintains_active_chromatin_to_coordinate_homeotic_gene_expression

Primary Paper HW assignment guidelines

Your primary paper consists of three parts:

1. In your own words, state the essential take home message of the paper assigned.

-Here you should briefly mention what was known about this topic before this paper was published

-Then state what the aim/goal/purpose of this published study was. In other words, what did the authors set out to do?

-Also describe why this research is important (if you think it is important)/ what are the researchers hoping to contribute to the existing knowledge.

2. State how the authors demonstrated the essential point of the paper: what experiments and what methods they used to prove the point

-In this section you should link how a particular approach/method was used to obtain a particular result and why it would be important/relevant. For example:

-Authors used method A to get/show result B. Result B is important because (it supports their original hypothesis in the following way/describe how/ or it provides novel findings regarding mechanism X

-Continue the bulleted list to correlate specific method with specific result and how it supports the claims made in the paper.

3. Discuss the strengths and significance of the paper and also the weaknesses and indicate additional lines of investigation that you think would be worth pursuing that were opened up by the paper.

-Here I want you to critique the experimental approach and author’s conclusions, not their writing style or format of the paper. Also, keep in mind that these are primary research articles published in scientific journals, so they are intended for a scientific, not general audience. Hence the language could be a bit dense.

-I want you to be very specific here. Do not write general and vague statements. Instead, refer to specific data in the paper (in figure X, or table Y) and indicate any possible flaws or limitations of the experiment.

-Propose possible future directions or follow up studies. You can look up papers that cited this research or follow up on the last author’s subsequent research.

-Explain if this paper contributed anything new to the field and if it enabled better understanding of the subject.

Create an annotated bibliography where you will locate and summarize 8 scholarly sources related to child development that will help to prepare for a interview with a child that's

between ages 3 to 10 years old. I plan to interview a child that's between ages 3 to 10 years old so this is what the annotated bibliographgy should be based on. (Child development).

For better understanding below is just an example of how the annotated bibliography 8 schlarly sources should be:

Just an Example:

Waite, L. J., Goldschneider, F. K., & Witsberger, C. (1986). Nonfamily living and the erosion of traditional family orientations among young adults. American Sociological Review, 51 (4), 541-554.

The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.

Thanks!

What are two ways by which bacteria can overcome (or avoid) the effects of antibiotics? (i.e., list 2 things bacteria can do to antibiotics to make them not work)- 4pts

If there were very high carbon dioxide conditions (95%) within an environment, what 3 elements of a flowering plant cycle would be affected by an environment high in carbon dioxide?

1. Select a contrast mode in microscopy. In the space below, describe and illustrate it in detail (hint: phase, dark-field, bright-field) (1 page limit)

What is the relationship between gametophyte and sporophyte in mosses? Ferns? Seed plants?

Describe the results/consequences of two of the events (items) below (6pts):

a. Dendritic cells displaying antigen via the class-2 pathway

b. B cell displaying antigen via the class-2 pathway.

c. Infected cell displaying antigen by the class -1 pathway.

d. Macrophage displaying antigen by the class-2 pathway.

e. Dendritic cells displaying antigen via the class-1 pathway.

Describe how the present-day theory of evolution was developed?