Question

5 sentences minimum

1) Describe the effect of calorie restrinction pathologies including the incidence of tumors and immune systems.

2) Using the health study of nurses, explain the relationship between body weight and relative risk of death.

Answer 1

Chronic inflammation is defined as an unresolved low-grade immunoinflammatory response associated with persistent tissue and organ damage that is commonly observed with aging and is considered a major risk factor underlying age-related diseases such as atherosclerosis, arthritis, cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis, dementia, cardiovascular diseases, obesity and metabolic syndrome. A growing body of evidence suggests that the dysregulation of the immune system with age, and the impaired redox balance during aging are important causes of chronic inflammation. The altered redox balance is mainly generated by the net effect of weakened anti-oxidative defense systems

Accordingly, evidence supporting the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as well as the beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity via Calorie Restriction(CR), using mainly animal models, has shown a rapid growth during the last decade and has been recently reviewed. Of note, the anti-inflammatory effects of CR, rather than being simply a passive mechanism linked to the reduction of inflammatory stimuli such as RS, may also exert active and positive actions on metabolic, hormonal and gene expression products that repress pathways of inflammation in several types of tissues including liver, hearth, muscle, white adipose tissue, neural tissue, kidney, lung and colon among others

Answer-2

A total of 50,112 participants were included in the analysis. The numbers of participants excluded and the reasons for exclusion are below.

The mean age among eligible participants in 1986 was 52.5 years, and the distributions of the other risk factors are shown in Table 1. There were a total of 4,893 deaths between 1986 and 2004: 1,026 from cardiovascular disease (21%), 931 from smoking-related cancers (19%), 1,430 from cancers not related to smoking (29%), and 1,506 from all other causes (31%).

Risk of mortality increased sharply with age (hazard ratio (HR) per 19 years = 5.78). Both greater body mass index at age 18 years and weight change since age 18 were associated with increased risk, although the association was stronger for body mass index at age 18 (HR per 7 kg/m² = 1.23). Height also was positively associated with all-cause mortality (HR per 6 inches = 1.16; 1 inch = 2.54 cm). Both current smoking (HR vs. never = 1.48) and greater total pack-years of smoking (HR per 46 pack-years = 2.08) were associated with increased mortality risk, whereas physical activity was associated with decreased risk (HR per 33 MET-hours/week = 0.87). For alcohol consumption, there was a small decrease in risk for 0.1 g/day–9.9 g/day and 10 g/day–29.9 g/day (HRs vs. none = 0.90 and 0.91, respectively), but not for ≥30 g/day. Glycemic load (HR per 41 units = 1.22) and cholesterol intake (HR per 105 mg/1,000 kcal = 1.17) were positively associated with mortality, whereas nut consumption (HR for ≥2 servings/week vs. none or almost none = 0.86), polyunsaturated fat intake (HR per 3% of total energy intake = 0.85), and cereal fiber intake (HR per 4 g = 0.84) were inversely associated with risk. Initial models also included other dietary factors.