Most of these fatty acids increase blood cholesterol levels by raising LDL cholesterol

These fatty acids raise LDL cholesterol while reducing beneficial HDL cholesterol

These fatty acids generally lower LDL cholesterol and raise HDL cholesterol

These fatty acids will lower LDL cholesterol, but in some people, they may also cause a decrease in beneficial HDL cholesterol

MATCHING

Trans

Polyunsaturated

Monounsaturated

Saturated

A student is doing some research on the importance of agents used in the laboratory room to kill certain prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Can you list the six different agents and what each specializes for?

In the fruit fly D. virilis, the mutations dusky body color (dy), cut wings (ct), and white eyes (w) are all recessive alleles located on the X chromosome. Females heterozygous for all three mutations were crossed to dy ct w males, and the following phenotypes were observed among the 500 offspring.

wildtype 18

dusky 153

cut 6

white 76

cut, white 150

dusky, cut 72

dusky, cut, white22

dusky, white 3

14) What are the genotypes of the two maternal X chromosomes, with the genes in the correct order?

a) dy + w / + ct

b) dy + + / + w ct

c) dy w + / + ct

d) dy w ct / + + +

e) + ct + / dy + w

15) What is the recombination frequency between dusky and white?

a) 148/500

b) 46/500

c) 43/500

d) 49/500

e) 40/500

PLEASE EXPLAIN!!!! CLEARLY!!!

Describe a spore forming bacterium stained with the endospore stain and magnified 1000X.

Describe the spore and vegetative cell and note the colors you would expect to see using the stains we performed. What would you expect the Gram reaction of this cell to be?

How does recombination impact genetic variation in future generations including crossing over and meiosis?

In what types of ecosystems would you find chemoautotrophs rather than photoautotrophs? What trophic level does each group occupy?

In the Lake Ontario ecosystem, how would you characterize the trophic positions of the opossum shrimp and sea lamprey?

Distinguish the source of energy utilized by chemoautotrophs versus photoautotrophs.

Japanese researchers examined mutant alleles of a gene that encodes an enzyme, liver-type arginase, in four patients. The normal protein catalyzes the breakdown of the amino acid arginine. In argininemia, lack of the enzyme causes progressive developmental disabilities, spastic limb movements, seizures and stunted growth.

The mRNA transcript for this gene codes for 322 amino acids, but the entire gene is 11.5 kilobases long, and is located on chromosome 6q. Argininemia affects both sexes and is inherited from carrier parents.

Patient A – homozygous for a G mutated to an A at DNA base 365 in the gene

Patient B – homozygous for a G to C mutation at base 703, which substitutes one amino acid for another.

Patient C – has patient A’s mutation and patient’s B mutation.  

Patient D – has patient’s A mutation in one allele, and the other allele is a deletion of a C at position 842.

The researchers evaluated the phenotype associated with each allele by producing the encoded proteins in E. coli cells. Patient A’s abnormal protein is too short. The other mutations yield proteins of normal length that are unstable or otherwise nonfunctional.

1. The mode of inheritance of argininemia is ___________________________________________

2. Patients _____ and ______ are heterozygous for the argininemia gene.

3. Patients ____ and _____have missense mutations for the argininemia gene.

4. Why is patient A’s liver-type arginase too short?

5. Human liver-type arginase can be produces in E. coli because: A) E. coli have livers B) The genetic code is universal C) The genetic code is triplet D) E. coli also uses arginine

6. The argininemia gene has enough bases beyond those in exons to encode ____________more amino acids.

What host environmental factors contribute to the spread of these organisms Neisseria meningitidis and Mycobacterium tuberculolosis ? How might these factors contribute to the growth of each organism?

How do we use our knowledge of edge effects to plan the reserves? What information do you need?

Ice has also been observed to increase polymerization. This seems counter-intuitive because molecular motion decreases at colder temperatures. So how could freezing a solution actually increase reaction rates?

review Szostak and Battel’s experiment on RNA evolution. Put this process into Darwin’s 4 points.   

Explain the hypothetical genetic copying scenario outlined using convection currents in pools. How is this similar to PCR?

1. What was used before enzymes, if anything before celiac disease and lactose intolerance.

2. Discuss why lactase are being used:Does it have higher yields and less waste?

In Drosophila (fruit flies) the genes how, dumpy and ebony are located on chromosome 3. LOF = loss of function.

• Flies homozygous for a LOF mutation (no gene product made) in ebony have dark black bodies.
• Flies homozygous for a LOF mutation (no gene product made) in dumpyhave truncated (short) wings.
• Flies homozygous for a partial LOF mutation (some gene product made but significantly less than normal) in how have wings that will not fold down (held out wings; that's where the gene name is coming from, how).

Use the following allele/phenotype designations:

For how

• allele h+ = wild type/normal
• allele h = partial loss of function mutation
• h+ > h
• phenotype h+ = wild type = wings that fold, which is dominant to held out wings = phenotype h

For dumpy

• allele dp+ = wild type/normal
• allele dp = LOF mutation
• dp+ > dp
• phenotype dp+ = wild type = normal wing size, which is dominant to truncated wings = phenotype dp

For ebony

• allele eb+ = wild type/normal
• allele eb = LOF mutation
• eb+ > eb
• phenotype eb+ = wild type = normal body colour, which is dominant to black body = phenotype eb

You cross a wild type female fruit fly that is a heterozygous carrier for all three mutant alleles with a black bodied male who has truncated wings that do not fold down.

You observe their 504 offspring and note their phenotypes and the number of offspring with each phenotype:

• wings that do not fold - 129
• truncated wings - 83
• black body - 6
• wings that do not fold and a black body - 80
• truncated wings that do not fold - 10
• truncated wings and a black body - 135
• truncated wings that do not fold, and a black body - 15
• wild type - 14

Note: that non-mutant phenotypes are generally ignored. For example a phenotype of "black body" means a fly with a black body, normal wing length and wings that fold.

Flies homozygous for a partial LOF mutation (some gene product made but significantly less than normal) in how have wings that will not fold down (held out wings; that's where the gene name is coming from, how).

But there is another mutation in how that is a complete loss of function (no gene product made). The complete LOF mutation is represented as h-; h- is recessive lethal. Flies homozygous for the complete loss of function mutation (h-/h-) die when trying to emerge from their pupal cases. Basically, you won't see h-/h- adult flies because they are all dead.

You mate two wild type flies who are both carriers for the dumpy LOF mutation (dp) and the complete LOF how mutation (h-). They both have the same genotype: h- dp / h+ dp+.

Q. How many of the resulting larvae (offspring) will be h- / h-, if the genotype at dumpy doesn't matter? Remember, the complete loss of function mutant dies when coming out of its pupal case, the larval stage is before the pupal stage.

Select one:

a. 1/4

b. 0

c. 1/2

d. 1/500

Pick one trace element, learn about it, write about it (200 – 300 words), and include citations.