You are studying a plant that requires a period of cold treatment before it will flower. You subject a plant to cold treatment, return it to temperatures favorable for growth, and then compare the chromatin state of the DNA taken from:

(1) meristem cells from a shoot that originated before the cold treatment;

(2) meristem cells from a shoot that developed after the cold treatment;

(3) ovule egg cells from a flower on stem 1;

(4) seeds from a flower on stem 2.

You find that the chromatin states are the same within but differ between which two groups?

1.Consider strata I. What can geologists infer based on the position of strata I in relation to the surrounding strata?

Strata I was deposited during the time when strata A was the top most layer of soil

Strata I was deposited after strata G.

Strata I was deposited after a hole was dug in the soil

All of these

2.We discussed several primate hypotheses. Which of the following is NOT a hypothesis explaining why primates evolved?

Visual Predating Hypothesis

Adaptive Hypothesis

Arboreal Hypothesis

Angiosperm Co-evolution Hypothesis

3.

I found a primate skull on a dig this summer. It has an eye socket enclosed by a bony plate. The primate does have a prehensile tail. It has a dental formula of 2-1-3-3. It has a canine honing complex. Based on these features, this primate can be classified as a member of the group…

Platyrrhine

Tarsiforme

Strepsirrhine

Catarrhine

4.

What is one difference between radiocarbon dating and potassium-argon dating?

Radiocarbon dating is used for organic materials while potassium-argon dating is used for rocks

Potassium-argon dating is based on calculations of the half-life of carbon compounds in rock

Radiocarbon dating only dates organic materials older than 200,000 years

Radiocarbon dating is based on calculations of the half-life of carbon compounds in rock

5.

Plesiadapiformes are our suspected primate ancestors but they are not true primates. Palaeontologists consider which of the following the first true primates?

Euprimates

Parapithecus

Tarsiers

Aegyptipithecus

1. Using the following mRNA sequence, AUG GUG CCA UUC AAU AUG UGG provide a definition and an example of each of the following mutations: silent, nonsense, missense, and frameshift mutation. please explain using the sequence for me to understand.

1. List positive and negative effectors for oxygen binding to hemoglobin.
2. explain cooperative binding using hemoglobin as an example.
3. Correlate the NCI involved in stabilizing Hb’s and Mb’s structures.

please answer all

How does the Biodiversity of the ecosystem affect plants and animals

1. Incubation period refers to the time between the start of an infection and the beginning of the period of communicability.

True

False

2. The case fatality rate is the same thing as the mortality rate for a disease.

True

False

3. The term generation time relates to the time interval between lodgment of an infectious agent in a host and the maximal communicability of the host.

True

False

4. A line list is (check all that apply)

A. a graph

B. a list with sign and symptoms

C. a list with patients' demographics

D. a list with dates of onset

5. What type of information would you collect in a questionnaire while investigating an outbreak? (check all that apply)

A. demographic information   

B. clinical information

C. risk factors

D. height/weight

E. lab results

6. The most common variables collected in line lists are: (check all that apply)

A. food menu

B. demographic information

C. signs and symptoms

D. physician information (i.e. phone number, address)

E. Lab results

7. A case definition should include the following components: (check all that apply)

A. Signs and symptoms

B. Exposure or risk factor

C. Information about the persons (i.e. women ages 65 and over)

D. Information about time (i.e.persons with onset of illness within the past week)

E. information about place (e.g. employees of a particular plant)

8. Which are the most common ways that a local health department uncovers outbreaks? (Check all that apply)

A. Performing descriptive analysis of surveillance data each week.

B. Performing time series analysis to detect deviations from expected values based on the previous few weeks and comparable periods during the previous few years.

C. Receiving calls from affected residents

D. Reviewing all case reports received each week to detect common features

E. Receiving calls from healthcare providers

a) A poor population of human beings in Egypt lives of a low-calorie vegetarian diet, yet they do not suffer from a lack of proteins or a lack of vitamins.

How do you explain this from a nutritional perspective?

b) a study about a group of 65-70 year old males in Japan, who live off a traditional Japanese diet, rich in fish, found that surprisingly few of these suffer from heart and circulatory disease, when compared to a similar group of Europeans.

How do you explain this, from a nutritional perspective?

NAD+ -dependent Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Dehydrogenase from Thermoproteus tenax.

1. Name the three enzymes that catalyze irreversible, regulated reactions in glycolysis as studied in class.

2. What is the significance of the GAPDH reaction in E. coli to glycolysis?

3. How does the reaction catalyzed by GAPDH from T. tenax presented here differ from the reaction carried out in E. coli?

4. The activity of the GAPDH enzyme was assayed in the presence of a constant amount of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and an increasing amount of NAD . The activity of the control was + compared to the activity in the presence of various metabolites. The results are shown in Figure 20.2. Additional data are given in Table 20.2.

a. Use the data in Figure 20.2 to estimate a KM value for the enzyme in the presence of these metabolites. Classify the metabolites listed in Table 20.2 as inhibitors or activators. Fill in your answers in the table provided. Explain how you decided whether these metabolites are inhibitors or activators, based on the graph.

b. How would you classify NADH, ADP and ATP? (These data are not presented in the graph). Are they inhibitors or activators? Add this information to Table 20.2.

c. Explain the physiological significance of your answers to questions 4a and 4b. NAD+ -dependent Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Dehyd

5. In the absence of NADP+, the binding of NAD+ to the T. tenax GAPDH showed no cooperative binding (closed circles, Figure 2 above). In the presence of NADP however, the binding of NAD+ to the T. tenax GAPDH was found to have a Hill coefficient of 2 (open circles, Figure 2 above).

a) What is the significance of the change in the value of the Hill coefficient?

b) Is this consistent with the shape of the curve and the information given in the background concerning the enzyme's quaternary structure?

6. What is the ATP yield for one mole of glucose oxidized by the pathway that uses the non-phosphorylating GAPDH enzyme?

I was stunned at how the lake had changed in the 10 years since I had last at Grand Lake St.. No swimmers splashed in the water and hardly any boats floated across the lake, even though it was peak vacation season. As a lone speedboat zoomed past, Keith noticed its motor churning up lime green-colored water. A closer inspection revealed a foamy, green mat of scum clinging to the shore, with a few dead fish washed up.

Why is the water so green? What are cyanobacteria? What might cause a tremendous increase in their growth? Why would toxin secretion limit fish consumption? How would cyanobacterial photosynthesis affect the oxygen levels of the lake? Aidan indicated that aerobic cyanobacteria are using up oxygen in the water. How are they doing this? Identify the microbial imbalance in Grand Lake that has led to the oxygen depletion.

Please explain

Complete the chart below.

DNA mRNA

                                  5 ’                                3’

                                            T   --

                                            T   --   

                                            A   --

                                            C    ---   

                                          G   ---

                                            G    ---

                                            C    ---

                                            A   --   

                                          T   --   

                                  3’                                 5’

Re-state the mRNA strand, write it in the 5’ to 3’ direction. Answer the following questions.

mRNA strand:   5’ __________________________ 3’

8. What is the first codon on the mRNA strand?

9. What is the anticodon for the tRNA at the P site?

10. What amino acid is this tRNA bringing?

11. What is the second codon on the mRNA strand?

12. What is the anticodon for the tRNA at the A site?

13. What amino acid is this tRNA bringing?

14. What forms between the two amino acids? Use the exact name of the union.

15. What is the third codon on the mRNA strand?

16. What is the anti-codon for the tRNA that will bind to the A site? Explain your answer.

17. What is the amino acid sequence of your peptide? Include STOP in your sequence.

18. How many kinds of codons exist in the Universal Code?

19. How many codons actually code for an amino acid?

20. What do the others code for?

21. How many different kinds of amino acids are coded for in the Universal Code?

9)Plant cells ________.

a)use carbon dioxide but do not use oxygen

b)do not need mitochondria because their chloroplasts meet their energy needs

c)have chloroplasts and mitochondria

d)do not need chloroplasts because their mitochondria meet their energy needs

10)Eukaryotic cells have their chromosomes packaged in the

a)a measure of calories

b)a measure of calories

c)the capacity to cause movement

d)a measure of disorder

11)Which environments would be best for the functioning of animal and plant cells?

a)A hypotonic environment for plant cells and an isotonic environment for animal cells

b)An isotonic environment for both plant and animal cells.

c)A hypotonic environment for animal cells and an isotonic environment for plant cells

12)How many chromosomes does an individual with Klinefelter Syndrome have?

a)45

b)24

c)46

d)47

Identify likely directions of sugar translocation and explain how it changes with time in these scenarios:

a. A tomato plant in the early stages of tomato development. Also explain why the common practice of removing emerging shoots at the base of mature leaves is done during fruit set.

b. About this time of the year in leafless maple trees: (I) non-photosynthetic buds growing (II), then breaking open revealing immature leaves that grow rapidly (III) mature leaves.

c. A germinating coconut on a beach in the Pacific Ocean