You are given the following: water, 10 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.4, EDTA solid (FW 292.25 g/mol), 0.5 M Tris HCl, 3 M NaCl, OAA solid (FW 131.10), NADH solid (FW 709.40), and solutions of NaOH and HCl. Calculate and describe how you would prepare of each of the following:  

a. 50 mL of 0.5 M EDTA pH 8.0

b. 10 ml solution containing 10 mM Tris-Cl pH 8.0 + 100 mM NaCl

c. 10 mL of 20 mM OAA dissolved in 10 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.4

d. 10 mL of 2 mM NADH dissolved in 10mM phosphate buffer pH 7.4

4. What characteristic would indicate that a topoisomerase inhibitor could be used as an antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agent? Can you name some common topoisomerase inhibitors and explain how these inhibitors lead to cell or bacterial death?

5. How is a chromosome different from chromatin? What can be confusing about this terminology?

6. What noncovalent interaction is responsible for DNA binding to histones? Explain how DNA binds to a histone.

7. Name the subunits of a histone. What is the oligomeric designation for a histone (α, β, etc.)?

8. List the noncovalent interactions that may occur to stabilize a protein binding to DNA. What is the difference between direct and indirect H-bonding?

9. What are the major protein structural motifs that play a role in a protein binding to DNA? • What structural motif does not bind to DNA but is commonly found in DNA binding proteins? What is the function of the preceding motif?

10. What are the structural characteristics of the motifs that you mentioned in the previous question? Which of these motifs provides the greatest recognition of a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA by the protein? Why?

11. What are the typical physical-chemical characteristics of a molecule that can intercalate DNA?

In cocker spaniels, solid coat color is dominant over spotted coat color. If two heterozygous dogs were crossed to each other, what would be the probability of the following combinations of offspring?

a. A litter of eight pups, two with solid fur and six with spotted fur.

b. A first litter of six pups, four with solid fur and two with spotted fur, and then a second litter of five pups, all with solid fur.

c. A first litter of five pups, the firstborn with solid fur, and then among the next four, three with solid fur and one with spotted fur, and then a second litter of seven pups in which the firstborn is spotted, the second born is spotted, and the remaining five are composed of four solid pups and one spotted pup.

use binominal expansion please

As discussed during the lecture, the enzyme HIV-1 reverse transcriptae (HIV-RT) plays a significant role for the HIV virus and is an important drug target. Assume a concentration [E] of 2.00 µM (i.e. 2.00 x 10^-6 mol/l) for HIV-RT. Two potential drug molecules, D₁ and D₂, were identified, which form stable complexes with the HIV-RT.

The dissociation constant of the complex ED₁ formed by HIV-RT and the drug D₁ is 1.00 nM (i.e. 1.00 x 10^-9 mol/l). The dissociation constant of the complex ED₂ formed by HIV-RT and the drug D₂ is 100 nM (i.e. 1.00 x 10^-7 mol/l).

1) Compute the difference in binding free energy (at a physiological temperature T=310 K) for the complexes. Provide the difference as a positive numerical expression with three significant figures in kJ/mol.

2) Divide the difference between the binding free energies of the ED₁ and ED₂ complexes by the thermal energy (at the physiological temperature). Provide a numerical expression with 3 significant figures.

3)

Compute the total concentration of [D₁]_tot that is needed to bind 90% of the HIV-RT at the given concentration [E]_tot. Provide your answer as a numerical expression with 3 significant figures in the unit mol/l.

You do NOT have to consider competition betwwen the drugs D₁ and D₂! They are administered separately.

4)

Compute the total concentration of [D₁]_tot that is needed to bind 99% of the HIV-RT at the given concentration [E]_tot. Provide your answer as a numerical expression with 3 significant figures in the unit mol/l.

You do NOT have to consider competition betwwen the drugs D₁ and D₂! They are administered separately.

5)

Compute the total concentration of [D₂]_tot that is needed to bind 90% of the HIV-RT at the given concentration [E]_tot. Provide your answer as a numerical expression with 3 significant figures in the unit mol/l.

You do NOT have to consider competition betwwen the drugs D₁ and D₂! They are administered separately.

6)

Compute the total concentration of [D₂]_tot that is needed to bind 99% of the HIV-RT at the given concentration [E]_tot. Provide your answer as a numerical expression with 3 significant figures in the unit mol/l.

You do NOT have to consider competition betwwen the drugs D₁ and D₂! They are administered separately.

1. A photoautotroph is an organism that

                              -Is a decomposer.

                              -Must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs.

                              -Gets energy from sunlight.

                              -Gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds.

                              -Does not need a carbon source.

2. An organism that is harmed by the presence of oxygen in the environment is a(n)

                              -Aerobe.

                              -Obligate aerobe.

                              -Facultative anaerobe.

                              -Microaerophilic.

                              -obligate anaerobe

3. Formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to build a polypeptide would be called

                              -Anabolism.

                              -Phosphorylation.

                              -Fermentation.

                              -Exergonic.

                              -Glycolysis.

4. Each of the following are denaturing agents except

                              -High temperature.

                              -Low temperature.

                              -High pH.

                              -Low pH.

                              -All of the choices are correct.

5. An organism that uses CO2 for its carbon needs would be called a(n)

                              -Heterotroph.

                              -Autotroph.

                              - Chemoheterotroph

                              -Saprobe.

                              - Halotroph

6. During replication, each parent DNA strand serves as a _____ for synthesis of new DNA strands.

                              -copy point

                              -template

                              -comparison molecule

                              -scaffold

                              -reservoir

7. In bacterial cells, when glucose is completely oxidized by all the pathways of aerobic cellular respiration, what is the maximum number of ATP generated?

                              -2 ATP

                              -3 ATP

                              -24 ATP

                              -42 ATP

                              -38 ATP

8. Replication of DNA begins at a(n) ______ rich area.

                              -Guanine-cytosine.

                              -Uracil-adenine.

                              -Adenine-thymine.

                              -Adenine-cytosine.

                              -Guanine-adenine.

9. Which of the following is not associated with a bacterial ribosome?

                              -is a 70S

                              -has a peptide (P) site

                              -has an exit site

                              -small unit provides the enzymes for making peptide bonds

                              -has an amino acid (A) site

10. Human pathogens fall into the group

                              -Psychrophiles.

                              -Thermophiles.

                              -Halophiles.

                              -Mesophiles.

                              -Acidophiles.

11. A sequence of bases on a gene that does not code for protein is called a(n)

                              -Promoter

                              -Operator

                              -Operon

                              -Exon

                              -Intron

12. A mutation that changes a normal codon to a stop codon is called a

                              -Point mutation.

                              -Silent mutation.

                              -Back mutation.

                              -Missense mutation.

                              -Nonsense mutation.

13. All of the following are true of enzymes except  

-Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction.                  

-Enzymes are not part of the products of a chemical reaction.                            

-Enzymes create a chemical reaction.                         

-Enzymes are not consumed in a chemical reaction

14. A frame shift is caused by ______ mutations.

                              -Missense and insertion

                              -Missense and nonsense

                              -Nonsense and deletion

                              -Deletion and insertion

                              -Insertion and nonsense

15. What is the definition of Generation Time

16. Vitamins are important components of coenzymes

True

False

17. DNA replication proceeds in one direction around the bacterial chromosome

True

False

18. Enzymes that hydrolyze a peptide bond are called ligases.

True

False

19. Transposons can change the genome

True

False

20. Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA and protein.

True

False

21. The jumping of a gene from one location to another is done by transposons.

True

False

22. Transformation is a type of horizontal gene transfer

True

False

23. Bacterial conjugation involves a donor cell with a plasmid that synthesizes a pilus.

True

False

24. Transcription occurs on a ribosome in the cytoplasm.

True

False

25. Full induction of the lactose operon requires lactose present without glucose.

True

False

26. A microorganism that does not have catalase or superoxide dismutase would find it difficult to live in an environment with _______

27. An organism that requires a small amount of oxygen but won't grow at normal atmospheric levels is a __________

28. A permanent, inheritable change in the genetic information is called a _________

29. For DNA replication, a primer of ____ is needed at the origin of nucleotide addition.

30. An organism that can exist in both oxygen and oxygen less environments is a ____________________.

31. The property of organisms to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency is called ______

32. If the mRNA codon for alanine is GCA, then the correct anticodon would be ___.

33. An example of inducible operon is the _____ operon.

34. Reverse transcriptase is used to make ______ from an RNA template.

35. Environmental factors that influence microbial growth are             (all that apply)    

-temperature                     

-gases                  

-pH                       

-osmotic                             

-pressure                            

-radiation                           

-hydrostatic                       

-pressure

36. The three main types of symbiosis are ____, _____, and _____.                 

-amphibolism, commensalism and parasitism.                        

-anabolism, catabolism and metabolism.                   

-mutualism, commensalism and parasitism.             

-catabolism, metabolism, and parasitism.

37. The two general categories of metabolism are ____ and ____.                    

-anabolism and catabolism.                          

-mutualism and parasitism.                          

-commensalism and parasitism                    

-anabolism and parasitism.

38. ______ refers to the process of one bacterial cell becoming two.

39. At the ____ growth phase, the population enters a period during which the rates of cell birth and cell death are more or less equal.

1. What is the rate of population growth when N1=K1−α∗N2 ?

2. What is alpha? So what does α∗N2 signify?

3. Explain in words (one sentence) what it means that: dN2/dt=0 when N2=K2−β∗N1

You are given 2 pure breeding stocks of a certain plant. One has white flowers, and the other has purple flowers.

1. when these two are bred together, all of the resulting plants have purple flowers. Explain this result in terms of dominance. Choose symbols (letters) to represent the alleles of the gene involved, and use them to show the genotype of each parent and of the hybrid offspring.

2. what result (ratio of phenotypes) do you expect to see if you allow the offspring produced in #1 to self -hybridize? Draw a punnett square to explain why these resuts are obtained.  

Expression of genes is controlled in response to the concentration of metabolites and signaling molecules within cells. One type of control mechanism depends on the ability of some mRNA molecules to form special secondary structures that are capable of directly binding to small molecules. These structures are called riboswitches and the molecules they bind to are their ligands. Binding of an mRNA to its appropriate ligand results in a conformational change in the mRNA, and as a consequence, the transcription of this mRNA may be prematurely terminated or its translation may be inhibited. By sensing metabolite concentrations, riboswitches participate in feedback circuits. When the ligand is present at high concentrations, the riboswitch inhibits the expression of genes needed to replenish this ligand. Scientists are employing a wide range of bioinformatics, genetics, and biochemical techniques to discover, study and use riboswitches for development of novel antibiotics and therapeutics.

For this discussion forum share a thought, an idea, or an application that you found striking. Explain why (in 250-300 words). Cite your references. PLEASE TYPE.

Describe the process of an impulse being propegated from the axon hillock to the axon terminus.

(Expert answer only please. Thank you)

The text is too large so I am not able to provide you with the text. That is why I have provided a direct link for my assignment. Thank you

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271271253_Gut_microbiota_composition_correlates_with_changes_in_body_fat_content_due_to_weight_los

I need to answer these questions on it.

List TWO sources other than those listed in the periodicals, that you could refer to if you were to research the article’s topic further. (1 point) 8. Did you learn anything interesting (diet related) that may cause you to alter your diet? If so, what was it? (1 point)

Describe the structure of the resperatory system. For each structural component that you name, include a description of its role.

(FULL explanation please. Expert only. Thank you)