1. A broad, dense bacterial cell wall 20-80 nm thick and consisting of numerous interconnecting layers of peptidoglycan. Interwoven in the cell wall are teichoic acids. (2 words)
2. An exoenzyme that hydrolizes starch is called a __________.
5. The fortht reagent used during gram staining is__________.
6. In carbohydrate fermentation, the Durham tube is used to detect the production of _________.
7. During protein hydrolysis, proteins are broken down into ______________. (2 words)
8. An anaerobic process during which carbohydrates are broken down for energy production.
9. Gram-positive bacteria stain _______ after gram staining.
11. Axial filaments are iInternal flagella found only in __________.
12. Completely surrounded by flagella.
14. A single flagellum at both poles.
15. A genus of bacterium that produces endospores.
16. A microscope that uses special optics convert slight variations in specimen thickness into corresponding visible variation in brightness. Thus, the bacterium and its structures appear darker than the background. (2 words)

Question 1

Regulated exocytosis involves __________vesicles that contain cargo such as hormones, mucus or ______________and are released in response to an __________signal. In contrast, unregulated exocytosis involves cargo of macromolecules like ____________ and soluble proteins and are released ____________ an external signal.

Question 2                

When is the signal sequence for the ER cleaved off a protein that is being translated on the ER?

1. It is always cleaved off.

2. Only when the a soluble protein is translated into the ER lumen.

3. For soluble proteins and single-pass transmembrane proteins.

4. Only when the protein is embedded into the ER membrane.

Question 3                

Where does translation always start in the cell?

1. On a free ribosome in the cytosol

2. On a ribosome on the ER for a secreted protein

3. In the nucleus

4. On a ribosome on the ER for a membrane protein

Question 4

If a protein is to be imbedded as a multi-pass protein in the ER membrane, what part of the protein will have a signal sequence?

1. Interior of the protein
2. 5’ end of the protein
3. carboxyl terminal end
4. amino terminal end

Consider the following naturally occurring forms of Hb. A. HbS (sickle-cell Hb): substitutes a V for a E on the surface B. Hb Cowtown: eliminates an ion pair involved in T-state stabilization C. Hb Memphis: substitutes one uncharged polar residue for another of similar size on the surface D. Hb Bibba: substitutes a P for a L involved in an a helix E. Hb Milwaukee: substitutes a E for a V F. Hb Providence: substitutes an N for a K that normally projects into the central cavity of the tetramer Of the above, which do you expect to be: LEAST likely to cause pathological symptoms. MOST likely to show pI values different from that of HbA on an isoelectric focusing gel. MOST likely to show an increase in the overall affinity of the hemoglobin for oxygen. EXPLAIN your answers.

What is the differential adhesion hypothesis (think "surface tension") and why it is important?

1) How does temperature affect enzyme function? Hint: discuss two separate processes.

2) What is an active site on an enzyme? What is a substrate?

3) What is the metastable state, and what does it have to do with activation energy?

4) What is V_max, and how does it relate to the concept of saturation?

5) What is allosteric regulation of an enzyme?

1. How does SIV differ from HIV?
2. Dr. Hahn and her colleague, Dr. Gould, believe that the fact that AIDS appeared as an epidemic in the 20th century and not before is due to a combination of factors, such as more roads, providing greater access to forested areas, urbanization, prostitution, social disruption and other socio-behavioral changes. Why would these factors lead to an epidemic?
3. Current event: What similarities or differences do you notice with the current COVID-19 pandemic with the HIV/AIDS pandemic? Are there any factors that you learned from this case study that you can relate to the current viral epidemic?

Question 1

Let’s start with a relatively straightforward one – and make it topical.

1. Briefly explain what qPCR is and why it is different than traditional PCR. Address what the q stands for and why the technique is sometimes called real-time pcr.

Unfortunately – that real-time moniker became a problem because some people shortened it to RT-PCR.However, most usage of RT-PCR is something distinct from qPCR.

2. Describe that something else RT-PCR.

You can combine qPCR and RT-PCR – producing RT-qPCR. One application of RT-qPCR is detection of certain viruses – such as COVID-19.

3. For this application, describe why RT-qPCR is preferable to qPCR.
4. For this application, describe why RT-qPCR is preferable to RT-PCR.

Is there any evidence that individual stickleback acclimate to variation in trout predation presented here. Identify potential acclimations to trout predation.

For assistance with my studies, what is the homologies of sclaes types between chondrichyans (placoid sclaes), actinopterygians (ganoid sclaes, teleost scales), aquatic sarcopterygians (cosmoid scales), and reptile (epidermal scales)?

1. Identify similarities and differences between the Hyponatremia caused deaths of Cynthia Lucero and Jennifer Strange. Be sure to include details regarding presentation of symptoms and the circumstances that led to their deaths. (50+ words minimum).
2. Identify methods to best restructure the "Hold your Wee for a Wii" contest that Jennifer Strange participated in to prevent future Hyponatremia deaths. Just not doing the contest will not be accepted.  (50+ words minimum).

In what circumstances would it be justifiable to compel vaccination against a newly emergent pathogen, e.g., an especially virulent coronavirus, through mandates and criminalization? Discuss ethical, health, & social issues.

Suppose you invented a drug that blocked the production of LH from the anterior pituitary.  

1.  How would this affect the menstrual cycle?

2. Would this drug be a good method for birth control? Why?